Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology
Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology (MJET) MJET is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal covering a broad range of topics in engineering science and technology. Publication Frequency: Twice a year (2011–2024); three issues per year beginning in 2025. Founder and Publisher: College of Engineering, Al-Muthanna University, Iraq. Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Dr. Ashraf Ashour, MSc, PhD (University of Cambridge), FIStructE, SFHEA Faculty of Engineering and Digital Technology, University of Bradford, United Kingdom Associate Editor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Riyadh Mansoor Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Al-Muthanna University Email: riyadhdmu@mu.edu.iq MJET accepts original scientific articles, review papers, and short reports in English. All submissions undergo a rigorous double-blind peer-review process conducted by expert referees whose fields align closely with the manuscript’s topic. Aim MJET aims to publish and disseminate high-quality research in engineering science and technology, both theoretical and experimental. The journal promotes the advancement of engineering theory and practice, contributing to a deeper understanding of technological and engineering development. Vision MJET aspires to become a leading journal in the fields of engineering and technology, recognized for its contributions to advancing engineering knowledge and practice. The journal fosters innovation and collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and academics worldwide. Mission MJET is committed to: Providing a platform for original research in engineering science and technology Encouraging the publication of state-of-the-art reviews across all engineering disciplines Ensuring global access to knowledge through a fully open-access model Maintaining a strict double-blind peer-review process to uphold academic integrity and quality Scope MJET covers a wide spectrum of engineering topics, including but not limited to: Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering Structural Engineering Soil and Geotechnical Engineering Construction and Building Materials Environmental Science and Technology Infrastructure Management Highway and Transportation Engineering Water Resources Engineering Architecture and Urban Planning Sustainable Cities Chemical Engineering Material and Energy Balances Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Energy and Mass Transfer Separation Technologies Chemical Reaction Kinetics Reactor and Process Design Electrical and Computer Engineering Power and Control Engineering Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering Computer Engineering Materials and Mechanical Engineering Ceramic Engineering and Metallurgy Polymer and Aerospace Engineering Automotive and HVAC Engineering Computer-Aided and Mechatronics Engineering Composite Structures
Earth Roads Stabilization using many Additives to increase Rutting Resistance
Earth roads are among the oldest roads widely used by humans in rural or desert areas with low traffic density. These roads are usually weak and unable to resist the heavy loads applied to them. Therefore, this research aims to study the possibility of using soil additives to stabilize these roads and increase their ability to resist repetitive loads, and thus enhance the rutting resistance. A series of laboratory tests is conducted on the soil, including Compaction tests, California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests, and Wheel Tracking tests, before and after the addition of stabilizing agents. Various amounts of Cutback asphalt, Emulsified asphalt, SBR polymer and Cement are tried. Compaction and CBR tests revealed optimum additive percentages of (4%) for cutback asphalt, (2%) of emulsified asphalt, (2%) of SBR, and (7.5%) of cement, by weight of the dry sample. The obtained bulk CBR-values for the (cutback asphalt, emulsified asphalt, SBR, and cement)-stabilized soil are (4.6, 1.6, 5.7, and 11.2) times that of the natural soil, respectively. Except for cement, the added agents have adverse effects on the original soil behavior upon soaking. Rutting is evaluated via the wheel tracking test, where bulk and soaked samples are tested at temperatures of (40°C) and (60°C). The results showed that using the cutback and emulsified asphalt did not improve the soil rutting resistance. Where (SBR) is used, the treated soil showed high resistance to permanent deformation, with rut depth values of (5 mm) and (3 mm) under (5000 cycles) of load application and at (40°C) and (60°C), respectively. The soaked sample is collapsed during the test. The (7.5%) cement stabilized soil exhibited very high effectiveness in resisting rutting under bulk and soaked conditions, where the rut depth equals (1 mm) at (10000 cycles) of load application for both temperature values.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jassim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adaptive Hybrid HOA–PSO with Periodic Cluster Head Rotation for Energy-Efficient WSNs
The appropriate choice of a Cluster Head (CH) is crucial towards improving the performance and extending the operating life of the wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which are required to work with a severe energy restriction. The proposed paper presents an Adaptive Hybrid HOA-PSO algorithm with Periodic Cluster Head Rotation (AHHCR), which integrates the global exploration nature of the HOA and the fast convergence nature of PSO. To guarantee a proper timing of the energy spending as well as even distribution of the loads across the network, a multi-objective cost function defined in terms of the residual energy, sink distance, and long-term data load is used. Large-scale model experiments involving 300 rounds indicate that AHHCR is significantly superior to traditional clustering protocols, including LEACH, PSO, GWO, and HOA. The algorithm achieves a 48 percent improvement in the average number of active nodes in the last round over the second-best performer (GWO) and increases the network survivability by over sixfold over LEACH. On top of that, AHHCR ensures the total decrease in energy use between about 5% and 16% compared to other metaheuristic standards. Despite the fact that the hybridism of AHHCR slightly adds a computational burden, the increase in the execution time, which is 0.41 s in a MATLAB simulation framework, is insignificant and, thus, indicates the practicality of its implementation. The strength and excellence of AHHCR is further supported by the statistical analysis using the ANOVA and Tukey-HSD tests. These findings confirm the appropriateness of the algorithm to dynamic WSN-based Internet of Things applications that require real-time, energy-efficient, and balanced CH selection.
Electrical, Electronic and communication
Copyright (c) 2026 Huda Ajel Jihad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Numerical Analysis of the Effect of Cavity Location on Settlement Behavior
The cavity exists in soil mass leads to a serious problem to the structures found on it. This issue rises as dynamic load imposes on soil such as earthquake. The current study investigated numerically the effect of seismic load on behavior of structure placed on the soil media with a cavity. The study comprises the effect of cavity locations on foundation settlement and building deflection. The horizontal distance from foundation center to center of cavity (X) taken as ratio to foundation width (B) (X/B=0, 0.5, 1 and 2), while depth of cavity taken as ratio between vertical distance between foundation base and cavity crown (H) to foundation width (B) of (H/B= 0.067, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.33 and 2). The results indicated that in case of no-cavity, the settlement increases substantially in presence of cavity under the seismic load to 142 mm compared to 62 mm under static load, and the differential settlement increases from zero to 11 mm due to seismic load. The most critical case appeared when the cavity presented under the edge of foundation (X/B=0.5), where the maximum total and differential settlements under seismic load were148 mm and 38 mm, which they 1.04 and 3.5 times more than the case of no-cavity. Nevertheless, the effect of cavity on settlement was diminished as the cavity offset to location (X≥B) and the effective depth of cavity extended to (H=0.8B). The perturbation of deformation pattern occurred at the crown of cavity especially when cavity closed to foundation. The maximum deflection of building floors exhibited when cavity sited under the edge of foundation (X/B=0).
Dynamic load, inter-storey drift, building deflection, Cavity, total settlement, differential settlement.
Soil mechanics, foundation engineering, Geotechnical engineering
Copyright (c) 2026 Moataz Al-Obaydi, Esraa Fakhri Ahmed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adaptive FRT Improvement of DC-Link Voltage-based VSGs in Weak Power Grids
The integration of renewable energy sources (RESs) in modern power systems (MPSs) has been increased. This integration has led to a quick shift in the control approaches of grid connected power converters (GCPCs). Traditionally, Grid-Following Inverters (GFLIs) have been widely employed for integrating in MPSs, because of their simplicity and reliance on external grid signals for synchronization. However, in recent years, Grid-Forming Inverters (GFMIs) have emerged as a promising control architecture for integrating of RESs. GFMIs are capable of emulating the dynamics of synchronous generators (SGs). GFMIs mainly establishes their voltage and frequency references independently, to form a grid. This feature enables GFMIs to have an actively contribution on the system inertia, damping, and voltage support; which makes them suitable for MPSs with high RES penetration. This work formulates and develops a fault ride through (FRT) mechanism for Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) GFMIs. The proposed scheme has been developed according to the current limiter dynamics and presents a novel power deceleration scheme. During current saturation scheme, the proposed scheme modifies the active power swing loop structured on d-axes current. By a set of tests and simulations results, the effectiveness of the proposed adaptive FRT has been shown under both strong (with SCR 20) and weak grid (with SCR 2) conditions. Under symmetrical and asymmetrical fault types with different durations, the performance of the proposed scheme has been checked. The results validate the merits of proposed scheme and its compatibility with GFMI objectives. It has been shown that the proposed architecture enhances the FRT capability of DC-link VSGs; in addition, it supports stable operation in weak MPSs, and provides a robust solution for grids with high share of RESs.
Modern Power Systems, Grid Forming Inverters, Fault Ride Through
Copyright (c) 2026 assistant teacher Ahmed F. Abdulrahman, assistant teacher Ali Al taishy, assistant teacher Dana I. Hassan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Monitoring-point selection for phase-monitoring relays in legacy contactor-based motor starters: evidence from Iraqi refineries
Legacy contactor-based induction motor starters in Iraqi refineries continue to rely on phase-monitoring relays to protect motors against single-phasing and severe voltage unbalance. In many aging installations, these relays are wired on the line side of the starter, which can prevent detection of downstream phase loss caused by welded or contaminated contactor poles. This paper proposes a practical monitoring-point selection framework that guides engineers in deciding whether phase-monitoring relays should sense the line side, the load side, or both. The framework is assessed by using a field-based case study in an aging motor control centre in Samawah Refinery. The four contactor-based starters with feeding three-phase induction motors of between 7.5 kW and 22 kW were chosen because of reported history of downstream single-phasing despite a phase-monitoring protection. Relays were moved to the load-side and not the line-side as per the proposed structure, and 3 months before the adjustment and three months after, downstream phase-loss events were documented. The four circuits had a total average of fourteen downstream single-phasing events per month before the implementation of the framework. Following the transfer of the relays to the load side, post-implementation period did not show any downstream single phasing events and there were no nuisance tripping reports. These results are explained in a simplified manner using a reliability interpretation, and are used to demonstrate that load-side sensing greatly decreases the likelihood of undetected downstream phase loss. The research proves that when selecting monitoring-points carefully, it is possible to achieve significant protection performance improvement in the legacy motor starters, wherein the limited observation window is one of the primary limitations of the evidence.
Phase-failure relay relocation Downstream single-phasing in contactor-based starters Induction motor protection in Iraqi refineries
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Al-musawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Environmental Assessment of Ambient Particulate Matter around Al-Qasim Green University
Particulate matter (PM₂₅ and PM₁₀) have been classified as a hazardous air pollutant because it is inhaled into the respiratory system and can cause chronic health effects. The objectives of this paper are: (i) to evaluate the concentrations of PM in the vicinity of Al-Qasim Green University and (ii) to propose a scientific basis for such studies on sustainability programs within Iraqi universities. Data were obtained between January-June 2025, using a high-volume air sampling instrument at the rate of (a) eight readings per month. Air-quality monitoring results showed that during February and April, the PM₂₅ (33 and 33 respectively) and PM₁₀ (83 and 81 respectively) levels surpassed the recommended guideline value of WHO as a result of climate change, intensified vehicular movement, ongoing construction works around residential buildings with no verdant spaces for ensuring quality air for breathing, poor city planning off-side campuses etc. which collectively because indoor air quality or chocked students’ comfort zones in terms of inhalation.
Particulate matter, PM₂₅, PM₁₀, air pollutant, campus
Copyright (c) 2026 Ghassan Abukhanafer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Urban Expansion Prediction in Karbala City, Iraq, Integrating GeoAI and an ANN–CA Model
Predicting urban expansion is crucial for rational urban planning and sustainable resource management. This study presents an integrated GeoAI (Geospatial Artificial Intelligence) approach to simulate future urban growth patterns in Karbala City, Iraq. A hybrid ANN-CA model, combining Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) and Cellular Automata (CA), was developed and calibrated within MATLAB using Landsat imagery (2015-2020). The simulation framework was further informed by principles of the Tietenberg model to account for resource utilization, population dynamics, and developmental pressures, ensuring a sustainability-oriented analysis of land consumption. Validation results, predicting the urban layout for 2025, show a substantial increase in urban area from 13% in 2015 to 24%, indicating intense urban expansion. This study demonstrates the ANN-CA model as a valuable GeoAI tool for urban geographers and planners. The findings provide critical insights for policymakers in Karbala to guide future urban expansion toward more orderly and sustainable development, aligning with the analytical perspectives of the Tietenberg model.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ali Abdul Samea Hameed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Micro-grids and Their Impact as a Smart Grid
Smart grid (micro-grid) technology is a rapidly evolving area of power system management that is changing the way to generate, distribute, and consume electricity. At the heart of the smart grid are the sources of energy that power it. Ideal sources of energy for smart grid systems and their impact on the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the smart grid are explained in order to clearly understand their effects. Micro grids are a type of distributed generation since the energy (power and heat) is produced nearby where it is needed. A two-terminal element that has the feature that the voltage between the terminals is known at all times is an ideal voltage source. The current flowing from the source has no bearing on this voltage. This means that any current might conceivably pass through the source in any direction, and this is called a micro-grid.
Copyright (c) 2026 sadeq al bajalan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Well Control and Pressure Management Using Artificial Intelligent
Artificial intelligence (AI) is process of the pressure management in the oil and gas industry. With its capability to deliver real-time checking, extrapolative analytics, and automated control, AI not only considerably enhances security, but also efficiently lowers costs and make the most of production efficiency. As operatives strive for more well-organized and cost-effective approaches, integrating advanced techniques. AI’s capacity to examine vast amounts of data, predict outcomes, and suggestion real-time solution enhances efficiency, lowers operating cost, and recovers reservoir performance. AI is significantly impacting the energy sector, with potential for further growth. The Middle East has appeared as a key region for improvement and testing of AI systems in the oil and gas industry. RoboWell attitudes at the forefront of novelty well control system. By joining the power of cloud-based AI algorithms, it not only activates wells efficiently but also animatedly self- adjusts to developing conditions in real-time. That advanced system guarantees optimal performance and reliability, revolutionizing how wells are accomplished. Finally, the results show that using python codes and variables aid to control pressures in oil wells and predict kick problem by using driller methods and wait and weight method. Detecting kick type is an important step, in other words (1-2) ppg is gas, (6-8) ppg is oil and (8.6-9) ppg is salt. Shutting Drill Pipe pressure(SIDPP) and Shutting Casing Pressure (SICP) are an important factor through killing, where the study found that it's safe to keep SICP greater than SIDPP and SICP should be less than 70% from casing burst resistance.
Pressure, Well control, Artificial Intelligence, Management, Performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 amel assi, Zena F. Rasheed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Development of a Digitally Baffled Electro-Photocatalytic oxidation batch Reactor for Real-Time Control and High-Efficiency Treatment of Refinery Wastewater
This study presents the growth and optimization of a new design of an electro/photocatalytic organic compounds oxidation batch reactor with a digital baffle for refinery wastewater (RWW). The system combined electro and photo oxidation with zinc oxide as a photo catalyst by using a stainless steel anode and an iron cathode. The combined design was operated under varying oxidation times (5–25 min), pH solution (3–9), agitation speed (100-300), and catalyst (10–50 mg/L) to assess treatment competence and enhance working parameters by Box-Behnken design under response surface design. The digital baffled configuration was used to enhance mixing and irritation distribution, confirming the activation of the catalyst and mass transfer throughout the batch electrooxidation reactor. Results established important organic degradation, with electro-oxidation alone attaining a maximum removal efficiency of 91.2%, while the combined photo-electrochemical process reached up to 99.5% competence under optimal conditions of 25 min, 50 ppm catalyst concentration, and 9 pH. The reactor's presentation was credited to the synergistic effects of free radical production, the activity of photocatalytic, and enhanced hydrodynamics eased by the digital baffling design for organic compounds in refinery wastewater.
wastewater; organic compounds; water treatment; Advanced Oxidation Processes; Electro-catalytic; optimization.
organic compounds; water treatment; Advanced Oxidation Processes; Electro-catalytic; optimization.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ali Saleh Jafer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Priorities of Architectural Programming for Sustainability: Designs of Norman Foster as a Case Study
Architectural programming is defined as a systematic method that leads to a statement of the architectural problem, which defines the Goals to produce the most appropriate solution. Goals are defined as a statement that expresses aims and pur poses and are considered a means for decision-making. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were identified in 17 goals, of which Goals 11 and 7 were linked to architectural design. By delineating three Aspects for goals: the categories and main values of the goals, and the physical positions for their application, this research seeks to uncover the goals of architectural programming (Independent variables) regarding sus-tainability and their physical positions (Dependent varia bles). By analyzing texts in which the architect Norman Foster specified aspects of applying sustainability, and classifying its mechanisms, aiming to determine priorities of goals during the programming phase and mechanisms during the applica tion phase. The results demonstrated that Foster focuses mainly on environmental goals, followed by economic and social goals. These goals are applied mainly in external building masses, internal spaces, and techniques used to recycle materials and reduce energy consumption. The conclusions were linked to SDG 11 in terms of its focus on environmental aspects, as well as SDG 7 through its focus on energy issues. The recommendations included the importance of discussing environ mental and social goals in the initial stages of architectural programming, and that it is also possible to analyze, measure, and evaluate solutions within the mechanisms of the external mass using traditional methods or modern software during these stages. Furthermore, the importance of targeting economic objectives in new and old designs was highlighted to im prove the sustainable performance of existing buildings.
Architectural programming, Goals delineation, Sustainability, Sustainable architecture, Norman Foster
Architectural programming, sustainable development Goals, Sustainability, Sustainable architecture, Norman Foster
Copyright (c) 2025 asma al-dabbagh https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A study in the design process and use of montage in the architecture of Zaha Hadid
Studying the Architecture of Zaha Hadid opens many questions relating to the method or the theory behind her dynamic architecture, with Schumacher describing her process as generative drawing proliferation followed by selection, while Betsky likened her to a cinematographer crafting scene. In this description, he touched directly or indirectly on some points related to producing the scenes and the settings of her projects. Yet, how these cinematic settings emerged remains unclear. This paper examines Hadid’s design method, focusing on her unexplored use of cinematic montage tools within her generative techniques. A theoretical framework was developed and applied to two case studies—the Vitra Fire Station and Cincinnati’s Contemporary Arts Centre—to investigate scene-setting and the site’s role. Findings show Hadid reconstructed settings by introducing conflicts that dominated the field’s centre of gravity, employing rhythmic, tonal, and over-tonal montage techniques in her radical generative methods. The study clarifies how cinematic principles shaped her spatial compositions, bridging the gap between architectural and cinematic theory in her work.
Design process, Field, Dynamic form, Generative techniques, Montage, Experimental approach, Zaha Hadid
Copyright (c) 2026 Janan Mustafa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
CFD and Practical Evaluation of Solid–Gas Flow in Basra Refinery Reactors
This study investigates the complex hydrodynamics of solid–gas interactions in the Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) riser reactor at the Basra refinery, Iraq. By integrating Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling with real operational data from the South Refineries Company, a validated three-dimensional Eulerian–Eulerian two-fluid model was developed. The model employed the Gidaspow drag formulation and the Kinetic Theory of Granular Flow (KTGF) to describe solid phase behavior. Validation against plant measurements demonstrated high reliability, with deviations under 5% for riser outlet temperature and pressure drop. The simulation revealed a typical core–annulus flow pattern, with a dilute, fast-moving core and a dense, slower annulus exhibiting significant catalyst back-mixing and wide residence time distribution. Parametric analyses showed that adjusting the catalyst-to-oil ratio and optimizing the feed injection angle improved mixing and thermal efficiency without compromising stability. Catalyst particle size also influenced reactor performance.The research provides practical insights for optimizing operational efficiency, enhancing product yields, and reducing energy consumption at the Basra refinery. Overall, it highlights the effectiveness of combining advanced CFD tools with industrial data for process optimization in FCC systems.
CFD, Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC), riser reactor, Basra refinery, Eulerian–Eulerian model, process optimization, energy efficiency
Copyright (c) 2025 luay abdulhay https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Capacity and delay produced by parking operating system
One of the justifications for planning integrated activities is the particular area of the land and its efficiency. Every journey concludes with a look for a parking lot. Therefore, it is important provide adequate parking spaces for vehicles. This is a complicated issue as it cost land spaces at significant areas like city centers. The standard parking provides normal spaces so as no other vehicles can prevent or delay the drivers to leave when finish their duty. At Al-Diwaniyah city center, most private parkings manage their work by forcing drivers to leave the vehicle’s key inside vehicles so as the parkings workers can reduce the stopping spaces and increase the capacity of the parking. This will cause a delay to drivers when they want to leave the parking later due to informal stopping inside the park. This work examines the effect of leaving the key inside vehicles when stopping on the capacity of parkings and delay that causes for drivers. The results of analyzing data from nine parking reveals that the capacity will significantly increase with a range from 19 to 89% while causing average delay ranged from 81 to 114 sec with a maximum delay of 240 sec.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rania Al-mrumudhia, Shaimaa Shaheed, Marwah Abbas Hadi, Manal Al-Zubaidi, Nawras Salih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Integration Strategies of Motion and Construction Systems in the architectural design of kinetic buildings
Kinetic architecture focuses on the design of building elements that can change their shapes, positions, or configurations in response to environmental conditions or user needs, using mechanical, natural, or smart techniques while maintaining structural stability. The research problem was to investigate methods of integrating movement with construction Systems in the design of kinetic buildings to achieve functional, aesthetic, and sustainable outcomes. The study aimed to present a theoretical framework developed through a thematic analysis of previous studies, including factors of shared movement systems, construction methods, and ways of integrating them into the practice of kinetic building design. Common motion includes turning, opening, closing, folding, sliding, and deforming that are implemented using construction systems such as articulated bars, folded plates, cable structures, membranes, pneumatic systems, smart materials, and hybrid solutions. The integration of motion and structure varies, with most projects relying on mechanical, electrical, and computational systems to synchronize motion with structure, while intelligent and interactive systems enable adaptive performance through sensors or software. Control strategies range from direct control to indirect control as well as internal control that achieve dynamic and flexible buildings capable of environmental and interactive adaptation. In addition, integration into kinetic building systems adopts a responsive or non-responsive approach. The paper specifically examined the strategies of integrating movement and structure in contemporary dynamic pavilion projects. A descriptive-analytical approach was applied to extract the characteristics of ten real kinetic case studies. A comparative analysis of these characteristics revealed that modern kinetic architecture relies on a balanced integration of movement and construction technologies, using diverse integration methods and control systems to achieve flexible, interactive, environmentally responsive buildings capable of dynamically adapting to various variables, thus enhancing innovation and aesthetics, as well as functional performance.
Copyright (c) 2025 farah Razoki https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Converting Heavy Fuel Oil into Light Fractions by Using Thermal Cracking
Global developments have led to a steady increase in demand for light petroleum derivatives, which are more valuable than heavy derivatives. Therefore, it was necessary to seek unconventional methods for supplying them, such as the use of thermal cracking technology. In this research, the residual crude oil produced from atmospheric distillation unit was selected and a study was conducted to convert it into light petroleum derivatives using the thermal cracking process. The efficiency and accuracy of the technology used in this research were studied by selecting parameters such as API gravity and conversion ratio from used heavy fuel oil (API = 15.5) to light petroleum products. To achieve optimum operating conditions and the best desired process results, experiments were designed using response surface methodology (RSM). The process study was selected to be within the temperature range (350-450°C) and time (30-60 min), where the best possible specifications for the resulting light petroleum derivatives would be achieved, with an API density of (32.1), a conversion rate of (79.2%), a time of (45) min, and a temperature of (421)°C
Copyright (c) 2025 Hanan A.Ibrahim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of the Groundwater Quality Affected by Solid Waste Leachate Around Al-Diwaniyah Dumpsite Based on WQI
Open and unsanitary landfills have served for many years in developing countries such as Iraq as a standard and economically inexpensive method of solid waste disposal. Leachate generated from these dumps' bases seriously affects the surrounding environment, especially groundwater sources. There have been reports of potential environmental hazards associated with leachate in the Al-Diwaniyah open landfill in Iraq. Therefore, in this investigation the quality of groundwater and characteristics of observation wells around the dumpsite was studied. Groundwater samples collected from four hand-excavated wells at a dumpsite were analyzed periodically using standard methods in dry and wet seasons through the period (September 2023–March 2024) in order to evaluate leachate pollutants and their impact on groundwater quality. The main analyzed parameters in leachate and groundwater included pH, Electrical Conductivity, Turbidity, Total Suspended Solid, Total Dissolved Solid, BOD5, COD, Chloride, Sulphate, Nitrate, in addition to heavy metals including Iron, Zinc, Copper, Chromium, Lead, and Cadmium. To illustrate the spatial distribution of pollutants during the dry and rainy seasons, indicators were used to assess groundwater quality. The results of the groundwater quality index (Canadian model) reported poor groundwater and unsuitable for drinking and agriculture in (GW1, GW2) neighboring the dumpsite in the range of (100-500) m from the dumpsite. In contrast, GW3 water quality is often threatened, except for GW4, which was unsuitable for drinking but can be used for agriculture. Extending this research to other regions would enhance the environmental monitoring of groundwater and assess possible threats to human health in the study area. Constructing an engineered landfill that complies with authorized environmental standards would also be beneficial.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fatin Aziz, Rania Al-Nawasir, Nuha Abdulsada Al-Mayyahi, Sarah Abdul Mahdi Musheer, Sajjad Abd Muslim Al-Jawasim https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of Drawing Speed on the Reliability of Drawing Dies
Reliable drawing dies are crucial for successful modern wire production. If these parts fail, repairs can be time-consuming and costly. This study examines how drawing speed affects die reliability within a standard commercial range of 50 to 400 m/min. We tested 750 tungsten carbide dies using various methods, including Weibull reliability analysis. Fifty dies were tested at each of 15 different speeds. Our results show a strong inverse relationship between die lifespan and drawing speed, and a significant direct relationship between operating temperature and wear rate. As drawing speed increased from 50 to 400 m/min, the average die life decreased by 65%, the wear rate increased exponentially, and the average operating temperature rose linearly. We identified three failure zones: a moderate wear phase (50–150 m/min), a rapid failure stage (300–400 m/min), and a period of accelerated degradation (150–300 m/min). In each zone, different wear mechanisms may occur. These findings help manufacturers extend die life, improve efficiency, implement predictive maintenance, and develop new die technologies that could reduce costs by 15–25%.
Drawing speed, Wear mechanisms, Tungsten carbide
Drawing dies, Wire drawing, Reliability analysis
Copyright (c) 2025 سلام الرفيعي https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A review of the effect of steel fibers on the shear capacity of concrete beams without shear reinforcement
The shear strength of reinforced concrete beams is largely governed by the compressive strength of concrete, which represents a major component of the overall shear capacity. Incorporating steel fibers into the concrete matrix has been shown to enhance this capacity and significantly improve structural performance. A comprehensive review of previous experimental studies indicates that the shear strength is primarily influenced by the longitudinal reinforcement ratio and the shear span ratio (a/d), while the effect of compressive strength becomes more evident in high strength concrete. It was also observed that the inclusion of steel fibers at a volume fraction of approximately 0.75% can increase the shear strength of beams by 25-35% compared with plain concrete specimens. Moreover, steel fiber-reinforced beams demonstrated superior crack control and enhanced ductility, thereby reducing the risk of sudden brittle shear failure. Notably, the improvement in shear behavior was found to be relatively independent of the fiber type, while the overall workability of the concrete remained within acceptable limits. These findings highlight research gaps regarding the optimum fiber dosage under different loading conditions and long-term performance.
Steel fiber, Concrete beams, web reinforcement, shear failure.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nuha Abdulhusein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Analysis for Hybrid Vibration Isolation System for Marine Engines under Simulated Extreme Marine Conditions
This study evaluates a hybrid vibration isolation system (silica-reinforced rubber dampers/electromagnetic actuators) for marine engines under simulated extreme conditions (85% humidity, 3.5% salinity). Results show 47% isolation efficiency (transmissibility ratio: 0.53) in mid-frequencies (100–500 Hz), surpassing conventional systems (25%). Over 80% efficiency (transmissibility <0.2) was achieved at 1200–1800 Hz. Titanium nitride (TiN) coatings reduced corrosion mass loss by 94% (0.15 ± 0.02 mg/cm² vs. 2.5 ± 0.3 mg/cm²) and corrosion rate to 1.8 ± 0.3 μm/year after 50 salt spray cycles. Active actuators consumed 18 W/hour at 10–100 Hz and responded to 10g shocks within 0.20 ± 0.02 seconds with minimal deformation (<0.01 mm). Recommendations include adopting nano-coatings, standardizing tests (ISO 10816 + ASTM B117), and industry collaboration.
Vibration Isolation, Marine Engines, Hybrid System, Corrosion, and salt exposure
Copyright (c) 2025 zakariya Yahyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A Mini-Review on the Structural Behavior of Reactive Powder Concrete Reinforced Slabs
Two-way slabs are widely used members in constructions due to the huge necessity for them because it has the property of carrying loads for the columns, piles, and even the soil. In order to extend the two-way slabs for larger spans, designers need to maximize the slab thickness, which will increase the structure's self-weight, which may not be able to resist. So, designers treated such a problem by increasing the overall concrete strength of slabs in order to prevent the choice of increasing the slab thickness. This article reviewed the previous studies to summarize some significant points, such as the effect of using steel fibers and openings within slabs was also investigated, as well as the use of reactive powder concrete. It was concluded that the severity of openings in slabs depends on their location, shape, and size. In some cases, larger openings might behave structurally like separate beam systems, but it often still reduce capacity significantly. Also, the ultimate load was decreased by increasing the opening size with the same CFRP (Carbon-fiber reinforced polymer) reinforcement ratio. Furthermore, the method of strengthening with CFRP is more effective than the method of using Steel fibers (SF).
Reactive powder concrete, two way slabs, bending and shear capacity, reinforced concrete.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nuha Abdulhusein, Sokaina Essa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Seed Detection algorithm using multi-thresholding measures on histopathological images
The recent advancing of computational resources, led to a significant improvement in histopathological image analysis. These improvements helped to diagnosis various diseases and dive into cellular level of the tissue for accurate prognosis. Therefore, an automated algorithm is proposed to enhance diagnostic accuracy and efficiency. This paper proposes a detection technique to detect the cells nuclei on histopathological images that are stained by Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E). The proposed technique applies multiple thresholds on the grayscale image version of the H&E-stained image and from each resulted binary image, several centroids are extracted for each disconnected foreground region. Three measures such as area, centroid location, and circularity ratio have been used to determine the selection of nuclei seed. The technique assigns certainty weights based on threshold values, enhancing the reliability of detected seeds. Comparisons with existing methods, like the generalized Laplacian of Gaussian (gLoG) technique, demonstrate the proposed method’s efficiency and accuracy, providing a robust foundation for further segmentation processes.
The proposed seed detection consists of the following steps. Firstly, convert the input Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E)-stained image into a grayscale image. Secondly, determine the potential nuclei regions by applying multiple thresholds to generate multiple binary images to define centroids of ROIs in each binary image. Finally, perform further feature analysis defined by area, centroid location, and circularity ratio to determine the seeds accurately. The experimental results show that the proposed method is an efficient and adaptable solution for nuclei detection in histopathological images in terms of computational complexity and detection accuracy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Salah Alheejawia, Ruwaidah Albadr, Ahmed Saaudi, Osamah Al-zubaidi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Dynamic Simulation of Phase Change Material-Integrated Solar Water Heating Systems: A Novel Approach to Energy Conversion Optimization
Phase change material (PCM) integrated solar water heating systems represent a critical technology for sustainable energy applications, yet face significant performance limitations due to poor thermal conductivity and lack of intelligent control optimization. This study aims to develop and validate a novel machine learning-driven optimization control technique for PCM-based solar water heating systems. The methodology employs a comprehensive three-phase mathematical model encompassing pre-melting, melting transition, and post-melting thermal dynamics, coupled with a neural network controller operating on real-time environmental data to predict optimal pump flow multipliers. Comprehensive simulation validation across five environmental conditions and three PCM materials demonstrated consistent performance improvements with energy storage enhancements of 2.5-4.1% (3.3% average) and heat transfer enhancement ratios of 1.03-1.04×. This research provides the first complete ML-based control system for PCM thermal energy storage with retrofit-compatible optimization requiring no hardware modifications, offering a quantifiable performance benefit for existing installations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Falah A.Barqawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Assessment integrating Bridge monitoring and CSI Modelling
Abstract Brides are an important part of any transport systems network which connects roads and villages with cities. Many Iraqi bridges remain in poor condition even after inspection and confirmation that they are of acceptable standards due to the role played by various risk factors, including traffic volume and insufficient capacity. Effects of changed patterns of operational loads, slack, deterioration, and other man-made effects on bridge construction causes its degeneration. The main purpose of this research was to determine the structural condition of the superstructure of the Barboty Bridge and any associated damage, if any, utilizing strain, displacement sensors and CSI Bridge software. CSIBridge was employed to generate the finite element model of the bridge super structure. The difference between the experimental and analysisresults was extracted to be about 10.60 %, which represents good agreement. Deflections, distribution factors, modal curvature, and rating factor classification were extracted. All these parameters were found under AASHTO specifications with no abnormal condition observed.
Bridge, Structural Health Monitoring, Distribution factor, Rating factor, Modal Curvatures
Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Yousif Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sabkha soil improvement by the use of chemical additions
Iraq is located within the arid and semi-arid region which include large areas of Sabkha soil particularly in the southern regions. Stabilization of properties of Sabkha soils in terms of strength, durability, and cost is required from engineering point of view. In this study the synthesis of a new chelating Schiff's base of Furfural with Metal ions (SFM) was used for stabilization Sabkha soil. The present study investigates the possibility of using the SFM to enhance Sabkha soil properties in the southern regions in Iraq. In this study, experimental approach was employed to investigate the properties of treated and untreated Sabkha soil. In laboratory tests, Sabkha soil samples have been mixed with 2%, 4%, and 6% of SFM for mineralogical tests whereas other samples tested in order to identify the physical and mechanical properties of the treated samples. The stabilization mechanisms of treated sabkha soil have been investigated using modern approaches, such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD). Sabkha soil, when mixed with 4% and 6% SFM, has been observed to transform into a solid material potentially suitable for use in the sub-base layer of rigid pavements. The study revealed that the compressive strength of the treated Sabkha samples was increased from 51 kPa to 402 kPa. Compared to untreated Sabkha soil the improvement ratio of treated sabkha soil increased from 119% to 443%. However, results of triaxial test showed that the cohesion increased by133.6 kPa without affecting the angle of internal friction. While the results of direct shear test showed that the angle of internal friction increased from 35 to 41 degrees. The soaked CBR values showed an increase with the addition of SFM at concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%, rising from 11% to 21%, 32%, and 58%, respectively. Added SFM values were increases this showed Sabkha soil is suitable material for to be a pavement foundation course. Based on the wetting and drying testing results, stabilized Sabkha soil with 6% SFM lost roughly 8.4% of its weight over time. In contrast, soil stabilized with 4% SFM and 2% SFM lost approximately 10.5%, and 15.4% of its weight respectively
chemical additives,improvement, Sabkha,Furfural,and advanced techniques
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reclamation of Base Oil from Depleted Engine Oil by Solvent Extraction Process: An Insightful Review
Lubricating oils are viscous hydrocarbon liquids obtained from crude oil, are essential for lubricating the moving parts of various machines. Used lubricants are classified as hazardous waste due to their elevated concentrations of environmentally dangerous organic substances, including Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals. These contaminants, originating from the integrity of lubricating oil, are significantly affected by wear and tear, additive breakdown, thermal cracking, and oxidation during their operational life, necessitating their replacement. Direct disposal of this used oil into the environment causes substantial pollution. Incineration of used oil generates significant ash and carcinogenic byproducts, further contributing to environmental contamination. Recycling lubricants, through the application of physical-chemical processes, enables the recovery of base oil, a valuable reusable raw material in lubricant production. Numerous studies have investigated oil reuse and used oil re-refining. Research consistently validates solvent extraction, frequently enhanced using adsorption, as a more performant and efficacious technique for recycling used lubricating oil. The present review offers a thorough analysis of the solvent extraction procedure for this application.
Depleted Motor Oil, Solvent Extraction for Oil Recycling, Base Oil, Waste Oil Management
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Younis, Yasser I. Abdulaziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Parametric Numerical Study on the Impact of Internal Friction Angle and Pile Diameter on Soil deformation in Nasiriyah
Clarifying the behavior of the soil near the bored pile foundation tips through estimating the boundary of the influence has a great benefit theoretically and practically in the accurate design of pile foundations. This research presents an advanced geotechnical analysis of the piles in Nasiriyah soil applied to the foundation of the Al-Iskan Interchange project. The study employed finite element analysis, utilizing the Plaxis3d Foundation software to systematically investigate the impact of variations in internal friction angles and pile diameters on soil deformations. Through a parametric study, the research sheds light on the intricate relationship between these key parameters and the behavior of the soil. The findings reveal compelling insights: deformations exhibit a discernible pattern in response to internal friction angle and pile diameter alterations. Specifically, deformations demonstrate a diminishing trend with an increasing internal friction angle, while a contrasting escalation is observed with larger pile diameters. This nuanced understanding highlights the importance of selecting the depth to which the pile is driven. The depth refers to the soil with optimal values for internal friction angles and pile diameters in engineering projects, with direct implications for enhancing stability and minimizing deformation.
Copyright (c) 2025 raghad adel fahad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Signal Integrity in GPS-Focused PCB Designs: A Comprehensive Approach
Electromagnetic interference (EMI), Signal Integrity (SI), and power delivery represent critical challenges in the design of high-density interconnect Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). Performance degradation due to parasitic effects, impedance discontinuities, and crosstalk often results in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) violations. This paper proposes a comprehensive design methodology based on optimized layer stack-up, controlled impedance routing, and strategic via placement to enhance EMC compliance and SI in compact, high-performance PCBs, with a particular focus on GPS applications operating at 1.575 GHz. These design strategies support the implementation of 50-ohm controlled microstrip lines, well-defined ground planes, and robust power distribution networks. Using simulation tools such as MATLAB, CST Studio Suite, and Altium Designer in conjunction with transmission line theory, key performance metrics, including return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and insertion loss, are assessed. The proposed design is implemented on a custom GPS PCB and empirically evaluated using Teseo Suite, confirming enhanced spatial efficiency, reduced reflection, and improved GPS signal acquisition and tracking. Research findings highlight the efficacy of simulation-driven PCB design practices in addressing high-frequency signal degradation and EMI concerns, with broad applicability to automotive, telecommunications, and consumer electronics domains requiring reliable GNSS functionality. The integration of GPS technology into everyday electronics, such as smartphones and autonomous vehicles, highlights the increasing demand for efficient and reliable signal integrity. The continuous demand for faster, smaller, and more affordable electronic devices underscores the rapid evolution of PCB technology and the necessity for strict design policies, especially in Gigahertz (GHz) systems. This work concludes by validating the proposed design methodology through a compact GPS-PCB model, demonstrating improvements in signal integrity and spatial efficiency.
Electromagnetic interference, Printed Circuit Board, signal integrity
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed Bashar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adapting Modern Iraqi School Designs to Integrate Active Learning Environments
Many studies have addressed the challenges facing the traditional educational environment in Iraq's schools, which negatively impact the quality of education. However, these studies have not focused on the requirements of adopting active learning methods in school designs in Iraq. This paper aims to identify how active learning concepts can be incorporated into the design of future schools and provide recommendations for adapting existing schools to align with these learning methods. The study employed a two-stage methodology: (1) extracting the dominant design characteristics of active learning schools, and (2) conducting field visits and expert interviews to analyze the designs of a case study of recently constructed Chinese loan schools in Mosul. The design characteristics of the school layout, interior design, corridors, classrooms, and the exterior spaces of the active learning school were compared with four case studies of Iraqi schools to determine the possibility of adapting their features to accommodate active learning activities. The findings revealed that there is a need to enhance the design of current schools to support active learning methods. Key recommendations include avoiding linear layout and enclosed courtyards in school planning, maximizing the use of all spaces, and designing flexible, multifunctional corridors. The paper also emphasized the need to increase the informal learning spaces outside classrooms. It recommends replacing traditional classroom layouts with flexible configurations that incorporate movable partitions to provide greater functional flexibility and reorganizing outdoor spaces to support both learning and recreational activities.
Active learning methods; Flexible school design; Local schools; Design modifications; Educational spaces
Copyright (c) 2025 Roa’a Zuhair Altaee, Dr. Dhuha A. Al-kazzaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review on Reinforced Concrete Slabs behavior with Presence of Openings
Openings in slabs are an important issue that needs to be studied carefully because these openings have a significant effect on load capacity and the general behavior of reinforced concrete slabs. This research aimed to review the previous studies that highlighted the effect of openings on reinforced concrete one-way and two-way slabs in addition to a review of four important codes, ACI Code, British Standard, Canadian Standard, and European Standard, that focused on this topic. The review of previous studies is divided into two sections, the first is the effect of opening in one-way slabs and the second is the effect of opening in two-way slabs. These studies showed that the opening size and position significantly affect load capacity, flexural, shear resistance, and deflection of slabs. The opening in the slab reduces the load capacity and shear resistance by reducing the concrete mass of the section where the concrete is cut. The flexibility and the deflection of that slab are reduced in the presence of the opening as a result of reinforcement cutting. The effect of opening can be reduced or totally enhanced by using additional reinforcements or by using CFRP, carbon fiber reinforced polymer, strengthening.
Reinforced Concrete, Slabs, Opening, Strengthening
Copyright (c) 2025 Nameer Al-Quraishy, Dr. Yousif J. Lafta, Dr. Thaer M Saeed Alrudaini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0