Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology
Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology (MJET) MJET is an international, peer-reviewed, open-access scientific journal covering a broad range of topics in engineering science and technology. Publication Frequency: Twice a year (2011–2024); three issues per year beginning in 2025. Founder and Publisher: College of Engineering, Al-Muthanna University, Iraq. Editor-in-Chief: Prof. Dr. Ashraf Ashour, MSc, PhD (University of Cambridge), FIStructE, SFHEA Faculty of Engineering and Digital Technology, University of Bradford, United Kingdom Associate Editor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Riyadh Mansoor Department of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Al-Muthanna University Email: riyadhdmu@mu.edu.iq MJET accepts original scientific articles, review papers, and short reports in English. All submissions undergo a rigorous double-blind peer-review process conducted by expert referees whose fields align closely with the manuscript’s topic. Aim MJET aims to publish and disseminate high-quality research in engineering science and technology, both theoretical and experimental. The journal promotes the advancement of engineering theory and practice, contributing to a deeper understanding of technological and engineering development. Vision MJET aspires to become a leading journal in the fields of engineering and technology, recognized for its contributions to advancing engineering knowledge and practice. The journal fosters innovation and collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and academics worldwide. Mission MJET is committed to: Providing a platform for original research in engineering science and technology Encouraging the publication of state-of-the-art reviews across all engineering disciplines Ensuring global access to knowledge through a fully open-access model Maintaining a strict double-blind peer-review process to uphold academic integrity and quality Scope MJET covers a wide spectrum of engineering topics, including but not limited to: Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering Structural Engineering Soil and Geotechnical Engineering Construction and Building Materials Environmental Science and Technology Infrastructure Management Highway and Transportation Engineering Water Resources Engineering Architecture and Urban Planning Sustainable Cities Chemical Engineering Material and Energy Balances Thermodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Energy and Mass Transfer Separation Technologies Chemical Reaction Kinetics Reactor and Process Design Electrical and Computer Engineering Power and Control Engineering Electronic and Telecommunication Engineering Computer Engineering Materials and Mechanical Engineering Ceramic Engineering and Metallurgy Polymer and Aerospace Engineering Automotive and HVAC Engineering Computer-Aided and Mechatronics Engineering Composite Structures
Performance Analysis for Hybrid Vibration Isolation System for Marine Engines under Simulated Extreme Marine Conditions
This study evaluates a hybrid vibration isolation system (silica-reinforced rubber dampers/electromagnetic actuators) for marine engines under simulated extreme conditions (85% humidity, 3.5% salinity). Results show 47% isolation efficiency (transmissibility ratio: 0.53) in mid-frequencies (100–500 Hz), surpassing conventional systems (25%). Over 80% efficiency (transmissibility <0.2) was achieved at 1200–1800 Hz. Titanium nitride (TiN) coatings reduced corrosion mass loss by 94% (0.15 ± 0.02 mg/cm² vs. 2.5 ± 0.3 mg/cm²) and corrosion rate to 1.8 ± 0.3 μm/year after 50 salt spray cycles. Active actuators consumed 18 W/hour at 10–100 Hz and responded to 10g shocks within 0.20 ± 0.02 seconds with minimal deformation (<0.01 mm). Recommendations include adopting nano-coatings, standardizing tests (ISO 10816 + ASTM B117), and industry collaboration.
Vibration Isolation, Marine Engines, Hybrid System, Corrosion, and salt exposure
Copyright (c) 2025 zakariya Yahyah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Performance Assessment integrating Bridge monitoring and CSI Modelling
Abstract Brides are an important part of any transport systems network which connects roads and villages with cities. Many Iraqi bridges remain in poor condition even after inspection and confirmation that they are of acceptable standards due to the role played by various risk factors, including traffic volume and insufficient capacity. Effects of changed patterns of operational loads, slack, deterioration, and other man-made effects on bridge construction causes its degeneration. The main purpose of this research was to determine the structural condition of the superstructure of the Barboty Bridge and any associated damage, if any, utilizing strain, displacement sensors and CSI Bridge software. CSIBridge was employed to generate the finite element model of the bridge super structure. The difference between the experimental and analysisresults was extracted to be about 10.60 %, which represents good agreement. Deflections, distribution factors, modal curvature, and rating factor classification were extracted. All these parameters were found under AASHTO specifications with no abnormal condition observed.
Bridge, Structural Health Monitoring, Distribution factor, Rating factor, Modal Curvatures
Copyright (c) 2025 Hussein Yousif Aziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Sabkha soil improvement by the use of chemical additions
Iraq is located within the arid and semi-arid region which include large areas of Sabkha soil particularly in the southern regions. Stabilization of properties of Sabkha soils in terms of strength, durability, and cost is required from engineering point of view. In this study the synthesis of a new chelating Schiff's base of Furfural with Metal ions (SFM) was used for stabilization Sabkha soil. The present study investigates the possibility of using the SFM to enhance Sabkha soil properties in the southern regions in Iraq. In this study, experimental approach was employed to investigate the properties of treated and untreated Sabkha soil. In laboratory tests, Sabkha soil samples have been mixed with 2%, 4%, and 6% of SFM for mineralogical tests whereas other samples tested in order to identify the physical and mechanical properties of the treated samples. The stabilization mechanisms of treated sabkha soil have been investigated using modern approaches, such as Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction analysis (XRD). Sabkha soil, when mixed with 4% and 6% SFM, has been observed to transform into a solid material potentially suitable for use in the sub-base layer of rigid pavements. The study revealed that the compressive strength of the treated Sabkha samples was increased from 51 kPa to 402 kPa. Compared to untreated Sabkha soil the improvement ratio of treated sabkha soil increased from 119% to 443%. However, results of triaxial test showed that the cohesion increased by133.6 kPa without affecting the angle of internal friction. While the results of direct shear test showed that the angle of internal friction increased from 35 to 41 degrees. The soaked CBR values showed an increase with the addition of SFM at concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%, rising from 11% to 21%, 32%, and 58%, respectively. Added SFM values were increases this showed Sabkha soil is suitable material for to be a pavement foundation course. Based on the wetting and drying testing results, stabilized Sabkha soil with 6% SFM lost roughly 8.4% of its weight over time. In contrast, soil stabilized with 4% SFM and 2% SFM lost approximately 10.5%, and 15.4% of its weight respectively
chemical additives,improvement, Sabkha,Furfural,and advanced techniques
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reclamation of Base Oil from Depleted Engine Oil by Solvent Extraction Process: An Insightful Review
Lubricating oils are viscous hydrocarbon liquids obtained from crude oil, are essential for lubricating the moving parts of various machines. Used lubricants are classified as hazardous waste due to their elevated concentrations of environmentally dangerous organic substances, including Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCBs), Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), and heavy metals. These contaminants, originating from the integrity of lubricating oil, are significantly affected by wear and tear, additive breakdown, thermal cracking, and oxidation during their operational life, necessitating their replacement. Direct disposal of this used oil into the environment causes substantial pollution. Incineration of used oil generates significant ash and carcinogenic byproducts, further contributing to environmental contamination. Recycling lubricants, through the application of physical-chemical processes, enables the recovery of base oil, a valuable reusable raw material in lubricant production. Numerous studies have investigated oil reuse and used oil re-refining. Research consistently validates solvent extraction, frequently enhanced using adsorption, as a more performant and efficacious technique for recycling used lubricating oil. The present review offers a thorough analysis of the solvent extraction procedure for this application.
Depleted Motor Oil, Solvent Extraction for Oil Recycling, Base Oil, Waste Oil Management
Copyright (c) 2025 Hassan Younis, Yasser I. Abdulaziz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Parametric Numerical Study on the Impact of Internal Friction Angle and Pile Diameter on Soil deformation in Nasiriyah
Clarifying the behavior of the soil near the bored pile foundation tips through estimating the boundary of the influence has a great benefit theoretically and practically in the accurate design of pile foundations. This research presents an advanced geotechnical analysis of the piles in Nasiriyah soil applied to the foundation of the Al-Iskan Interchange project. The study employed finite element analysis, utilizing the Plaxis3d Foundation software to systematically investigate the impact of variations in internal friction angles and pile diameters on soil deformations. Through a parametric study, the research sheds light on the intricate relationship between these key parameters and the behavior of the soil. The findings reveal compelling insights: deformations exhibit a discernible pattern in response to internal friction angle and pile diameter alterations. Specifically, deformations demonstrate a diminishing trend with an increasing internal friction angle, while a contrasting escalation is observed with larger pile diameters. This nuanced understanding highlights the importance of selecting the depth to which the pile is driven. The depth refers to the soil with optimal values for internal friction angles and pile diameters in engineering projects, with direct implications for enhancing stability and minimizing deformation.
Copyright (c) 2025 raghad adel fahad https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing Signal Integrity in GPS-Focused PCB Designs: A Comprehensive Approach
Electromagnetic interference (EMI), Signal Integrity (SI), and power delivery represent critical challenges in the design of high-density interconnect Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs). Performance degradation due to parasitic effects, impedance discontinuities, and crosstalk often results in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) violations. This paper proposes a comprehensive design methodology based on optimized layer stack-up, controlled impedance routing, and strategic via placement to enhance EMC compliance and SI in compact, high-performance PCBs, with a particular focus on GPS applications operating at 1.575 GHz. These design strategies support the implementation of 50-ohm controlled microstrip lines, well-defined ground planes, and robust power distribution networks. Using simulation tools such as MATLAB, CST Studio Suite, and Altium Designer in conjunction with transmission line theory, key performance metrics, including return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), and insertion loss, are assessed. The proposed design is implemented on a custom GPS PCB and empirically evaluated using Teseo Suite, confirming enhanced spatial efficiency, reduced reflection, and improved GPS signal acquisition and tracking. Research findings highlight the efficacy of simulation-driven PCB design practices in addressing high-frequency signal degradation and EMI concerns, with broad applicability to automotive, telecommunications, and consumer electronics domains requiring reliable GNSS functionality. The integration of GPS technology into everyday electronics, such as smartphones and autonomous vehicles, highlights the increasing demand for efficient and reliable signal integrity. The continuous demand for faster, smaller, and more affordable electronic devices underscores the rapid evolution of PCB technology and the necessity for strict design policies, especially in Gigahertz (GHz) systems. This work concludes by validating the proposed design methodology through a compact GPS-PCB model, demonstrating improvements in signal integrity and spatial efficiency.
Electromagnetic interference, Printed Circuit Board, signal integrity
Copyright (c) 2025 Mohamed Bashar https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Adapting Modern Iraqi School Designs to Integrate Active Learning Environments
Many studies have addressed the challenges facing the traditional educational environment in Iraq's schools, which negatively impact the quality of education. However, these studies have not focused on the requirements of adopting active learning methods in school designs in Iraq. This paper aims to identify how active learning concepts can be incorporated into the design of future schools and provide recommendations for adapting existing schools to align with these learning methods. The study employed a two-stage methodology: (1) extracting the dominant design characteristics of active learning schools, and (2) conducting field visits and expert interviews to analyze the designs of a case study of recently constructed Chinese loan schools in Mosul. The design characteristics of the school layout, interior design, corridors, classrooms, and the exterior spaces of the active learning school were compared with four case studies of Iraqi schools to determine the possibility of adapting their features to accommodate active learning activities. The findings revealed that there is a need to enhance the design of current schools to support active learning methods. Key recommendations include avoiding linear layout and enclosed courtyards in school planning, maximizing the use of all spaces, and designing flexible, multifunctional corridors. The paper also emphasized the need to increase the informal learning spaces outside classrooms. It recommends replacing traditional classroom layouts with flexible configurations that incorporate movable partitions to provide greater functional flexibility and reorganizing outdoor spaces to support both learning and recreational activities.
Active learning methods; Flexible school design; Local schools; Design modifications; Educational spaces
Copyright (c) 2025 Roa’a Zuhair Altaee, Dr. Dhuha A. Al-kazzaz https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Review on Reinforced Concrete Slabs behavior with Presence of Openings
Openings in slabs are an important issue that needs to be studied carefully because these openings have a significant effect on load capacity and the general behavior of reinforced concrete slabs. This research aimed to review the previous studies that highlighted the effect of openings on reinforced concrete one-way and two-way slabs in addition to a review of four important codes, ACI Code, British Standard, Canadian Standard, and European Standard, that focused on this topic. The review of previous studies is divided into two sections, the first is the effect of opening in one-way slabs and the second is the effect of opening in two-way slabs. These studies showed that the opening size and position significantly affect load capacity, flexural, shear resistance, and deflection of slabs. The opening in the slab reduces the load capacity and shear resistance by reducing the concrete mass of the section where the concrete is cut. The flexibility and the deflection of that slab are reduced in the presence of the opening as a result of reinforcement cutting. The effect of opening can be reduced or totally enhanced by using additional reinforcements or by using CFRP, carbon fiber reinforced polymer, strengthening.
Reinforced Concrete, Slabs, Opening, Strengthening
Copyright (c) 2025 Nameer Al-Quraishy, Dr. Yousif J. Lafta, Dr. Thaer M Saeed Alrudaini https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Reducing the Effect of Pile Driving on Adjacent Shallow Foundations: An Improved Investigation
Deep foundations are often constructed using pile driving techniques, but this method is not efficient in shallow foundation areas. This method does, however, create ground vibrations that may affect surrounding structures, particularly weaker ones, as they can develop fractures, experience irregular settlement, deform, or suffer issues related to the longevity of the building. This study offers a comprehensive analysis of vibration energy, its possible structural effects, and many mitigation options. On this topic, the study integrates real measurement data, simulations, and other illustrative examples to make recommendations aimed at the effective reduction of construction vibrations.
Vibration mitigation, structural damage, fracture settlement, bounding techniques, shallow structures, vibration recommendations, vibrations moderation, piles driven..
Copyright (c) 2025 Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology
Flexural performance of FRP-strengthened concrete beams: A review
Performance of FRP-strengthened beams in flexure is critical most recently in the field of concrete structural engineering over possible improvements of strength, ductility, and durability of concrete structures. This paper critically reviews the recent development in using FRP materials for flexural strengthening of concrete beams, primarily on some experimental results, availability of theoretical models, and practical applications. The present overview covers the effect of critical parameters, including the type of FRP carbon, glass, aramid, etc., bonding techniques, and failure mechanisms, among others, on flexural performance. Desirable properties of FRP materials in flexural strengthening, studies on analytical results considering high modulus-to-weight ratio and corrosion resistance, indicate disadvantages related to delamination, environmental durability, and cost. New trends in FRP data are given on reinforced or hybrid FRP systems. This paper is meant to provide a wide view of FRP strengthened concrete beams so that researchers, engineers, and professionals can get better insights toward smart and useful solutions for strengthening.
Failure, Reinforced concrete beams, Flexural behaviour, Fibre reinforced polymer.
Integrating internet of things (IOT) with responsive architecture: a framework for future buildings
The research here investigates how Internet of Things (IoT) technologies can be integrated into responsive architecture in order to create sustainable and energy-efficient smart buildings. The main issue being solved is that there is no clearly defined framework for integrating IoT in responsive architectural design that makes it challenging to attain real-time adaptability, reduce energy consumption, and enhance the user experience. The research aims to evaluate existing IoT implementations in architecture by analyzing real-world case studies and developing a conceptual framework that articulates IoT's impact on building sustainability and efficiency. In an attempt to realize this goal, the research explores the following hypotheses: IoT integration greatly lowers a building's energy use. IoT-enabled buildings are more flexible and more satisfactory to users than conventional architectural buildings. An IoT-responsive architecture framework that is well designed can be employed as a scalable model for future smart city infrastructure. Through IoT-enabled building case studies, it has been found that IoT deployment results in a 30% reduction in energy consumption and substantial improvement in occupant comfort and operational efficiency. Keeping these findings in perspective, the research proposes a holistic framework with specific guidance to architects and urban planners to design more adaptive, efficient, and user-friendly buildings.
Internet of things (IoT), interactive architecture, building energy efficiency, novel technologies.
Copyright (c) 2025 Muthanna Journal of Engineering and Technology https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
DEVELOPING A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR PRELIMINARY SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT OF EMERGING CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
The construction industry is undergoing a profound transformation driven by concerns about sustainability, particularly the environmental impact of the materials used. Researchers are seeking to address such adverse impacts by introducing new sustainable construction materials; however, such emerging materials often lack clear criteria by which to verify claims about their sustainability. Traditional methods, including life cycle assessment (LCA), are comprehensive but present challenges, particularly in the early stages of development, in terms of information availability, complexity, and high resource requirements. In an attempt to mitigate these gaps, this paper proposes a simple framework for preliminary sustainability assessment of emerging construction materials, providing an accessible and easy-to-use tool for assessing sustainability claims. The three dimensions of this framework, environmental responsibility, economic viability, and social equity, provide a balanced view and identify key areas for assessment, including carbon footprint, embodied energy, resource efficiency, pollution management, life cycle cost, recyclability, market competitiveness, health and safety concerns, jobs, and societal benefits. By linking theoretical frameworks of sustainability to practice, such a scheme enables early sustainability assessments, and in effect, fosters responsible innovation.
A review: Thermal Degradation of Polymethyl Methacrylate: A Metallurgical Perspective on Fiber and CO2 Laser Exposure
This paper presents a thorough examination of the thermal deterioration of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) influenced by fiber and CO2 lasers, investigating their unique metallurgical and thermal effects. The elevated energy density of fiber lasers results in quick and highly targeted heating, enabling speedy material removal and ablation. Nonetheless, this quick heating causes considerable surface roughness, microfractures, and extensive molecular degradation, undermining the material's structural integrity. In contrast, CO2 lasers, distinguished by their longer wavelength, provide wider and more uniform heat distribution throughout the PMMA surface. This yields a more refined surface finish with enhanced degradation control, however at a reduced processing speed. The review examines the unique thermal distribution patterns generated by each laser type, investigating the development of heat-affected zones (HAZs) and the particular degradation mechanisms occurring inside these zones. The study examines the metallurgical alterations caused in the PMMA structure, focusing on aspects such as chain scission, depolymerization, and the generation of volatile byproducts. Experimental results demonstrate that fiber lasers are optimal for high-velocity material removal procedures where surface finish is not paramount, but CO2 lasers are favored for applications requiring superior surface precision and less heat damage. These discoveries include substantial industrial ramifications for several industries, including automotive, optical, and medical device manufacture. The analysis closes by examining ways for optimizing laser parameters, including power, pulse length, and scanning speed, to attain a balance among processing efficiency, material integrity, and desired product quality in PMMA manufacturing.
Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), thermal degradation, fiber laser, CO2 laser, metallurgical analysis, laser-induced degradation, heat-affected zone (HAZ), material processing, surface quality.
Behavior of Self-Compacting Recycled Aggregate Filled Double Skin Steel Tubular Square Columns
Abstract. A series of experimental tests were carried out to investigate the behavior of sustainable self-compacting concrete-filled double skin steel tubular (HSCFDST) columns. Nine column specimens were tested in the present study, taking into account the effects of the inner shape of the column cross section (circular or square), the hollowness ratio, and the recycled aggregate replacement ratio. For comparison, three of the tested specimens were filled with normal recycled aggregate concrete. It was observed that the maximum axial strength of CFDST columns increases with the increase in void fraction for round inner tubes and decreases with the increase in void fraction for square inner tubes. Also, it was found that for square column specimens, the ultimate axial strength of HSCFDST columns was inversely proportional to their hollowness and slenderness ratios. CFDST column specimens filled with recycled aggregate concrete compared with those filled with normal aggregate concrete decreased stiffness and ultimate axial strength but gave unexpected results for the ultimate axial strength; therefore, the suitable choice for the section properties of the inner steel tube is required. The experimental results and analytical approach that were developed by other researchers showed good agreement.
Developing educational systems based on programming smartphone applications - the Bologna process as a model
The technological progress witnessed by the world has contributed to the development of education at all levels by providing multiple means to support the educational process. These means have shortened the effort and time of the teacher and the student in achieving the goal due to their ease of use, clarity and flexibility in dealing with problems, as well as their ease of availability to the user. These means include Windows applications, various web applications, mobile applications and various social networking applications, which mainly depend on the use of smartphones owned by all students. This study focused on identifying the strengths necessary to benefit from smartphone applications to develop the outcomes of the Bologna process, which depend on both the student and the teacher, as well as clarifying the possible mechanisms to achieve the greatest benefit by conducting various questionnaires for students and teachers to know their opinions on the possibility of achieving the maximum benefit from mobile applications in different educational systems. The study also focused on trying to know the interests of students and their thinking in developing smartphone applications in line with the global openness towards technology, which serves the educational process in a fundamental way. The study suggested developing smartphone applications specific to each scientific department that suit its requirements.
Education system, mobile applications, Bologna system, teacher, smartphone
Best Fitting Probability Distributions of Monthly Rainfall Extremes in Nasiriyah City, Southern Iraq
Analysis of rainfall data is important in the design and planning of water projects in cities. Therefore, in this research, rainfall data recorded at the Nasiriyah station located in the center of Thi-Qar Governorate, southern Iraq, was used for 80 years for the period (1940-2020) to determine the best probability distribution fits this data. All tests and statistical analyzes were carried out using the (HYFRAN-PLUS version 1.2) software, and the method of maximum likelihood was applied to obtain the coefficients of theoretical distributions. Eight distributions were tested: GEV, Gumbel, Weibull, Normal, Lognormal, Gamma, Pearson type 3, and Log-Pearson type 3, and adequacy test was conducted by (Chi-Square) test for these distributions, the results showed the GEV, Lognormal, Pearson type 3, and Log-Pearson type 3 distributions are suitable, for describing extreme monthly rainfall in this study area.
Study of airplanes annual departure effects on design airfield thickness using FAARFIELD program
Due to the development of aircraft types and quantities, one of the most important parameters affecting the design thickness of the airport runway is the annual departure of aircraft. In this research, the design thickness of the flexible pavement of the runway was studied to evaluate the importance of the annual departure of the design aircraft with different maim gears assembly configurations. A case study is conducted with fixed parameters such as pavement materials, aircraft data and soil conditions. The results of the FAARFIELD program showed that the triple tandem design aircraft configuration (B-777-200c) requires a large thickness of the runway layers compared to the other configurations, which makes it the most critical design aircraft. The effect of increasing the annual departure from (10000-20000) on the thickness of the runway layers in terms of the design aircraft ranges between 3.7% and 4% for all the studied configurations, which is a slight effect compared to the effect of the weight and type of aircraft and the bearing of the layers used in the construction of the runway.
annual departure , runway, thickness, coverage , configuration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Jaber Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Flexural Behavior of Composite Concrete Deck Slab-Steel Beams: a review
One of the most important structures in modern civil engineering is the composite beams, which refer to beams that consists of different materials whereby the most common are the concrete slabs and steel beams. This paper aims at presenting the state of research on the behavior and performance of composite beams emphasis has been put on the Shear connections. Some of the commonly used shear connectors include headed steel studs, channel connectors, and angle connectors, which improve the load bearing of steel and concrete structures. Literature review show that important parameters such as connection type, concrete strength and connection layout have been found to affect considerably the ultimate moment, the fatigue behavior and the failure mode of the connection. In particular, it is important to mention that new materials, such as ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC), and connector designs offer the potential for increasing loads and durability of connections. It is within this context that this review underlines the need to identify and manage design parameters to guarantee safe and efficient use of composites in beam structures.
Composite beam; Steel beam; Shear connection; UHPC; Failure mode
Enhancing Method Analysis and Documentation via GUI-Based Visual Class Diagrams in Object-Oriented Programming
The incorporation of GUI-based visual class diagrams in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) offers a new line towards enhancing system study and documentation. Traditional class diagrams are robust in specifying the static structure of systems; however, they can be ambiguous when used in real implementation. The present study addresses the problem of ambiguity during system documentation and developer understanding in the application of traditional UML class diagrams. The overall objective is to create a more intuitive visual model that is driven by the behavior of class diagrams combined with GUI elements, such as forms and reports. In incorporating GUI elements, the programmers will be in a better position to comprehend system inputs, outputs, and processing. The proposed Visual Class Diagram model introduces certain specific enhancements towards modeling data administration, relationships, and transactions within system analysis. The results show that using GUI-based visual class diagrams improves communication between developers and customers, reduces the likelihood of misunderstanding of system requirements, and generally improves system design and documentation efficiency. Masu. Research not only provides a complete visual explanation of system elements, but also concludes that it bridges the gap between theory and practice. Future work will strive to expand this model to enable the analysis of security, networking and distributed systems with comprehensive equipment for modern software engineering practices.
Attributes, Operations, Relationships,Forms,
Copyright (c) 2025 Suaad M Saber https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effect of modulus of subgrade reaction on Deep beams
Deep beams are one of the widest used members in construction due to their high rigidity and significant bending resistance. It used usually at high rise buildings, bridges, dick slabs and foundations. The beams may rest on soil in many cases like strap footing. Timoshenko beam theory and Fourier series were used for derivatizing the behavior of deep beams which rest on soil grade. Many parameters were investigated like modulus of subgrade reaction, beams dimensions and loading type. It was concluded that, the rigidity of deep beam is high in amounts that cancelling the effect of modulus of subgrade reaction. The beam width increases the bearing pressure of the soil and working on enhancing the stability of the beam and keeps it rest well on the soil so that increasing the width of beam led to minimizing sinking the beam into the soil so that reducing the deflection. Furthermore, increasing the height of the deep beam leads to minimizing the deflection of beam due to rising the shear resistance capacity of the beam which depends in the first degree on the beam thickness.
Study of torsional Response of Modified Reactive Powder Concrete Beams containing Coarse Recycled Aggregates, and reactive powder concrete beams at different cross-sections
This paper examines the torsional behavior of Beams made from Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) at different cross-sections. It also examines the torsional behavior of modified reactive powder concrete (MRPC) beams that contain coarse aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate (at different replacements) with a maximum particle size of 9.5mm. The study examines the mechanical properties of modified reactive powder concrete in the fresh and hard states and the effect of replacement. All modified reactive powder concrete beam mixes are cured in standard curing treatment conditions, and RPC beams are placed under a hot water curing bath with different cross sections (Solid Square, hollow, and deep rectangular). The modified reactive powder concrete group, modified reactive powder concrete beam at 30% replacement of coarse recycled aggregate, gives the highest torsion moment among the three replacements. A solid square beam gives better results than hollow cross-sections or beams with rectangular cross-sections, and the result shows that RPC beams under heat curing conditions provide better structural torsional strength than standard curing conditions.
modified reactive powder concrete, coarse recycled aggregate, torsional strength, workability, curing type, cross section.
Studying the modification of asphalt binder by using Sasobit additive
<a href="https://muthuni-ojs.org/index.php/mjet/Warm mix asphalt (WMA) binders with varying amounts of Sasobit additive are made using two kinds of asphalt binders (PEN80-100 and 60-70). The Sasobit content was from 0.4% to 2.0%, with a range of 0.4 by mass of asphalt binder. Penetration, Rotational Viscosity (RV), and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) tests were performed. In addition, the Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) and the Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) tests were carried out to simulate the short-term and long-term aging of asphalt binder, respectively. Furthermore, for both asphalt binders, the complex shear modulus (G*) was determined in order to calculate the rutting factor (G*/Sinδ) and fatigue factor (G*.Sinδ). The results obtained reveal that, the asphalt performs better at higher temperatures and worse at lower ones. Because excessive amounts of Sasobit will negatively affect the asphalt binder, it should be added to the asphalt binder at a mass percentage of no more than 2%.">Warm mix asphalt (WMA) binders with varying amounts of Sasobit additive are made using two kinds of asphalt binders (PEN80-100 and 60-70). The Sasobit content was from 0.4% to 2.0%, with a range of 0.4 by mass of asphalt binder. Penetration, Rotational Viscosity (RV), and Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) tests were performed. In addition, the Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) and the Pressure Aging Vessel (PAV) tests were carried out to simulate the short-term and long-term aging of asphalt binder, respectively. Furthermore, for both asphalt binders, the complex shear modulus (G*) was determined in order to calculate the rutting factor (G*/Sinδ) and fatigue factor (G*.Sinδ). The results obtained reveal that, the asphalt performs better at higher temperatures and worse at lower ones. Because excessive amounts of Sasobit will negatively affect the asphalt binder, it should be added to the asphalt binder at a mass percentage of no more than 2%.
Warm mix asphalt, Dynamic Shear Rheometer, Fatigue factor, Asphalt binders
Large deformation theory of thin steel cantilever beams under free end load cases
In this research, the large deflection of a cantilever tested steel beam of linear elastic material under the action of an external vertical concentrated force at the free end was numerically investigated. The definition of large deflection behavior indicates the inherent nonlinearity found in the response analysis in these beam systems. The analysis pertains to the domain of geometric nonlinearity, often expressing the equilibrium equation in a deformed structure. Numerous authors have implemented various numerical methodologies to address these issues. This paper investigates Rang-kuta numerical techniques for the numerical simulation of the problem. To achieve this purpose, a cantilever beam of length 1 meter and an isotropic thin steel plate with a rectangular cross-section were used. Assuming the beam material is isotropic, with a modulus of elasticity E = 200 GPa and a Poisson's ratio equal zero. The performance of the tested beam was assessed considering deflection and deflection angle. A parametric study is also included to investigate the effect of cross section dimensions (width x height) of steel plate on the bending and the deflection value of tested beams. The assessments indicate that the proposed method can be widely applied to measure large deflections in thin steel plate materials under concentered loads at the free end of cantilever beams.
Methods to enhance compatibility in designing of campus facades
University campuses suffer from a state of visual chaos that affects the overall environment, due to the varying design practices in their different formal and visual characteristics, especially when new buildings are added or existing ones are expanded. This results from universities' constant need for change and adaptability to accommodate future developments across different time periods. Achieving harmony among groups of buildings and spaces, including the facades, creates an integrated and cohesive environment, particularly at the facade level. The study aims to identify the variables that designers focus on to achieve harmony in facades at the assemblage level (a part of the university master plan that includes at least three buildings and a containing space). It proposes a theoretical framework that includes variables such as: finishing characteristics, relational characteristics, and geometrical characteristics, as well as secondary properties. To achieve this goal, four assemblages from Mosul University with cumulative construction were selected. The study used quantitative measurement methods to evaluate the research variables. Facade dimensions and areas were measured within the geometrical characteristics variable using AutoCAD, while proportion and diversity were assessed. The Fractal3 program was used to measure fractal uniformity, all within the relational characteristics variable. One of the main conclusions is that in assemblages where designers focus on facade detail variables, global/overall variables are less uniform and less emphasized by the designers, and vice versa. Additionally, there are cases where designers balance attention to both levels (detail and overall).
Strengthening Concrete slabs rest on soil grade
Concrete slabs are the most construction members which is in touch with soil. The applied load on concrete slab causes to deformation in slab and soil both. Which making a relative movement between the to medias. So, such problem named usually as soil-structure interaction. The study investigated this interaction by casting three concrete slabs and applied a static load on them to discuss their behavior and the soil response. The slabs of 600*600*40 mm dimensions and without steel reinforcement. The first slab is conventional while the second was of 0.5% percentage of steel fiber and the third specimen was of 1% of steel fiber. It was concluded that, the center of slab deflects downward, while the corners go upward then settles. Adding Steel fiber enhance the concrete compressive strength in a magnitude relative to the steel fiber amount. The development in slab strength 44.7% and 67.03% after adding 0.5% and 1% of fibers respectively.
Slab, Foundation, Soil, Soil-Structure interaction, Steel Fiber
Efficient Lead Remediation with Fenton Oxidation in Produced Water
Wastewater contains multiple pollutants in different forms that may be biodegradable or non degradable. Therefore, it was necessary to find different methods and processes to remove these pollutants, as Fenton oxidation (FO) processes were commonly used for commercial and residential operations. In a glass batch reactor, a Fenton oxidation process was performed for the purpose of purifying the produced water (PW) and removing the contaminated lead metal. Depending on the batch system used, the effect of operational process variables such as pH, oxidation time and concentration of hydrogen peroxide and ferrous sulphate was tested. Through the results obtained, it was demonstrated that the possibility of applying Fenton oxidation technology in removing lead metal contaminants from the produced water (PW) was successful. Lead elimination of 94.18% was achieved when using the Fenton oxidation technique, where a time of 120 minutes was taken at a pH of 6.5, 62.5 and 25 ppm for hydrogen and ferrous sulphate concentrations, respectively.
Utilizing Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access Technology to Mitigate Carrier and Symbol Interference in Wireless Communication Networks
Wireless communication networks often face challenges from carrier and symbol interference, leading to degraded signal quality and reduced data transmission efficiency. This interference occurs due to overlapping signals and multipath propagation, creating challenges in maintaining reliable communication. To address this, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) technology can be utilized. By dividing the available spectrum into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, OFDMA reduces interference between symbols and carriers. However, current methods can be further improved through innovative techniques, such as dynamic subcarrier allocation, adaptive modulation, and advanced error correction algorithms, enhancing network performance and minimizing interference in diverse environments. OFDMA surpasses traditional techniques by reducing interference through orthogonal subcarriers, preventing signal overlap. Its dynamic resource allocation optimizes frequency usage, while adaptive modulation like Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) adjusts to varying channel conditions. These factors collectively enhance signal quality, improve spectral efficiency, and minimize interference compared to conventional methods like FDMA or Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). This paper introduces a novel approach to enhancing OFDMA by integrating advanced techniques like dynamic subcarrier allocation, adaptive modulation, and improved error correction. These innovations reduce carrier and symbol interference more effectively, optimize spectrum usage, and significantly improve signal quality and network efficiency in diverse wireless environments. Simulation and analysis results show the capacity of OFDMA over traditional techniques in reducing levels of interference and improving the quality of a signal. These findings underscore the great promise of OFDMA in redefining wireless communication systems further, OFDMA enables greater system performance with dynamic resource allocation under various interfering scenarios when contrasted with other methodologies like frequency reuse, adaptive filtering or adaptive power control.
Landfill site selection using analytical hierarchy process and GIS: a case study in Al-Zubair district, Basrah, Iraq
Al-Zubair district is located in the southwestern part of Basrah governorate and is considered the largest region administratively. Due to the rapid urbanization, rapid population growth, and the high rate of waste productivity in Al-Zubair district, there is a need for a sanitary landfill to accommodate the produced solid waste and avoid any potential environmental problems. For this reason, an attempt has been conducted to find the best location for the sanitary landfill in Al-Zubair district to solve the waste problem scientifically, thus, a total of nine influencing criteria were adopted in this study (water surface, agricultural lands, residential areas, soil types, slope, roads, railways, power lines, and the oil fields criteria) then processed using the Geographical Information System (GIS) to generate the map of suitability index and find the most candidate sites for the landfill based on the weights of criteria that derived from the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). This study expected that the cumulative volume of solid waste through (2025-2050) is about 18658259 m3, and the required area for the landfill to accommodate this volume must be at least about 9.33 km2. The most suitable candidate site to hold the cumulative volume of solid waste was identified by this study in the middle of Al-Zubair district, complying with all the requirements of the best location for the landfill, with an area of 124.63 km2 revealing the ability of this site to accommodate the cumulative produced solid waste even after 2050 sustainably.
Land use land cover change detection in Baghdad city for the years 2000 and 2024 using random forest algorithm
Rapid population growth is one of the serious and common issues in Iraq, and parts of this country have been facing an increase in the number and density of the population in recent decades, putting much pressure on Iraq's natural resources and sometimes economic activities. The growth of residential constructions and industrial zones has caused direct or indirect destruction of ecosystems and their natural lands. Landsat satellite imagery, TM sensors for 2000, and the OLI-TIRS sensor 2024 were used to detect land cover change. A supervised classification technique by Random Forest (RF) method was used for image classification, and the land cover map was obtained in two different years (2000 and 2024), with overall accuracy of 88.33% and 90.83%, respectively. The analysis results have shown that during 24 years, there has been an increase in urban areas: Urbanization increased significantly from 45.24% to 67.98%, indicating significant population and economic growth. Whereas there was a decrease in green spaces, the percentage of vegetated land decreased from 32.56% to 9.09%, which indicates the diminishment of agricultural and green spaces due to urban expansion. Regarding the relative stability of water bodies, the percentage of water bodies decreased slightly from 3.08% to 2.53%. Finally, there was a slight increase in arid lands; the percentage of barren land increased from 19.12% to 20.40%, which may reflect land degradation and increasing desertification.
Isolation and damping of footing subjected to seismic loads: A review
Seismic isolation achieves its purpose by making the structure functionally independent from the ground through seismic isolators, which are devices that mitigate the horizontal earthquake motion that can be transmitted to a building. The adoption of seismic isolation is not only limited to new structures but also included in many existing structures— major earthquakes demonstrated the effectiveness of these systems, so such is adopted. Most past research on seismic isolation techniques have been confined to regional studies; this paper proposes a historical review on evolution of isolations methods chronologically. Classification of seismic isolation techniques is done based on their mechanism with brief descriptions of their advantages and disadvantages and any recent innovations or alternative methods widely used under this category noted at the end of each classification provided within the study. Earthquakes are considered one of the most dangerous natural conditions, so they claim thousands of lives and property annually to reduce these damages to the facility, several studies and research have been conducted on the possibility of reducing the effects of seismic waves either by absorbing that energy or dissipating it using different techniques to isolate the foundations or to isolate the entire building, but the problem of these techniques needs a special work environment with a high material cost. The research aims to find the best technology or means to protect the facility or to reduce the impact of seismic waves on the foundations using techniques or materials with low economic cost and are available in abundance, such as (rubber or trench work in a certain way and special dimensions) compared to other techniques that require a special method of work and a higher material cost.