Muthanna Journal of Pure Science
type: channel
description: The Muthanna Journal of Pure Science (MJPS) is a double-blind peer-reviewed research journal that publishes significant developments in multidisciplinary areas of science. MJPS is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the College of Science, AL-Muthanna University. The journal was founded in 2012. The Muthanna Journal of Pure Science welcomes the submission of researchers for their contributions in the disciplines of pure sciences that have an impact on the field of knowledge and are supportive of original research activities from around the world. Frequency of Publication MJPS publishes one volume of two issues per year. Publication Dates May/June and November/December. Privacy Statement The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party. Copyright Copyright for articles published in Muthanna Journal of Pure Science is retained by the authors. The journal publishes open-access articles distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are cited. Journal Metrics 2025 Acceptance rate: 41% 2025 Submission to first decision: 15 days 2025 Submission to acceptance: 30 days Please see our guide for authors for information on article submission. If you require any further information or help, please visit our support pages. Muthanna Journal of Pure Science
publisher: Al-Muthanna University
language: en
publication name: Muthanna Journal of Pure Science
issn: 2226-3284
items: Association between Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Glutathione Transferases Polymorphisms as an Indicator Susceptibility for Benzene's Effect on Workers at A Gasoline Filling Station in Baghdad
items: The Impact of the Drug Losartan on a Few Biochemical Indicators in Wistar Albino Male Rats with Isoproterenol-Induced Heart Infarction
items: Study the effect of low-power helium-neon laser (632.8nm) on the human red and white blood cells
items: Inter-Class Analysis of Frequency-Band Similarity in Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Image Datasets
items: Enhancing Virtual Network Performance Using Software-Defined Networking (SDN)
items: Mechanism of The Electromagnetic Shielding System in Defense
items: Influence of SiO2/Al2O3 Stoichiometry on Mullite Formation: Synthesis and Characterization via Solid State Reaction
items: Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm for Single Machines Scheduling with release date
items: Study of Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Rabbit Blood: Resulting from Exposure to Wavelengths (565,810,1064) nm Used in Home Cosmetic Lasers
items: Summation-Integral-Phillips for a Sequence of -Bernstein Type Operators
items: Study The Dielectric Properties and Response of Nanofiber Composite polymer of PVA/Chitosan for different frequencies
items: Spectroscopic and Chemical Insights into Baltic Amber: Structure, Bioactivity, and Clinical Prospects. A Review
items: A comparative study of calcitonin and some minerals levels in type 2 diabetic patients
items: Influence of sliver nanoparticles from thrush Candida albicans supernatant against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis
items: A Comparative study of Vaginal Microbiome Composition in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women
items: The Role of Laser Field Effect on Thermo-Spin Transport Properties through Serially Coupled Quantum Dots System
items: Relativistic DFT calculations for neutral and singly charged Au2
items: The Emerging Role of Topological Materials in Condensed Matter Physics: A Review
items: Immunodiagnostic Role of INF-γ in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Correlation with Auto antibody and Inflammatory Markers
items: Utilizing laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to investigate iron concentrations in the blood of individuals with iron deficiency anemia compared to healthy controls
items: Synthesizes Azo derivatives linked 1,2,3-triazols ring and studying their biological activity
items: Compression Text by Coding and Hiding in Color Image
items: Study the physical coefficients for some of Melasma cases treated by laser
items: Optimized DDoS Detection in Smart Homes Using EPSO and Recurrent Transformer Networks
items: Therapeutic effects of bioactive compounds of dates fruit(phoenix dactylifera) produced by fermentation process: A review
items: Predictive AI for Identifying Undiscovered Cyber Threats: A Proactive Security Model for Big Data
items: Developing Convolutional Neural Networks for Recognition of American Sign Language
items: Study Effect of Majorana Coefficient on the Energy Levels of 138-144,148Gd Even-Even Isotopes Using IBM-2
items: Optical Asymmetric filter Using Graphene Plasmonic embedded in Photonic Crystal Fiber
items: On Some Mappings in Intuitionistic Topological Spaces

Association between Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Glutathione Transferases Polymorphisms as an Indicator Susceptibility for Benzene's Effect on Workers at A Gasoline Filling Station in Baghdad
type: item
description: Oxidative stress is considered one of the most important processes that result in significant damage and adverse effects on human and animal health alike. Regular exposure to gasoline by employees of private fuel stations poses many occupational and environmental risks. The purpose of this work and this study is to compare and evaluate the health of employees at a Baghdad fuel station affiliated with the Iraqi Ministry of Oil. This study focused on how occupational exposure to gasoline affects oxidative stress indicators (MDA, GSH, CAT, and POD). The study aimed to identify any potential links between gasoline metabolism and GST gene polymorphisms. The mean oxidative stress values ​​for MDA, GSH, CAT, and POD differed significantly between the employees and the control group (P < 0.01). According to genetic analysis, the fuel station employees and the control group differed significantly in their GSTM1 and GSTT1 variations. This study yielded the following allele frequencies for GSTM1-null genotypes in the worker population: 36.5%, GSTT1-null (19.42%), and CSTP1-null (7.7%), respectively. Associations were also found between GSTM1-null and several benzene exposure-related changes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: malondialdehyde
  topic: keywords
subject: catalase
  topic: keywords
subject: peroxidase
  topic: keywords
subject: Glutathione
  topic: keywords
subject: stress biomarkers
  topic: keywords
creator: Baqer K. Hothefa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Baqer K. Hothefa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-15
publication date: 2026-01-15
doi: 10.52113/2/01.01.2025/23-30

The Impact of the Drug Losartan on a Few Biochemical Indicators in Wistar Albino Male Rats with Isoproterenol-Induced Heart Infarction
type: item
description: Objective: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. This study investigated the therapeutic and preventive effects of losartan on myocardial infarction in male albino rats. Methods: Cardiac infarction was induced in 100 rats using subcutaneous isoproterenol (65 mg/kg/day) for five days. Rats were divided into two main groups: Group 1 received isoproterenol only, while Group 2 was subdivided into four subgroups, including a losartan-pretreated group (losartan for 55 days prior to isoproterenol). Biochemical markers, including troponin, CK-MB, angiotensin II, glutathione (GSH), and total protein, were measured. Results: Isoproterenol significantly increased troponin, CK-MB, and angiotensin II (p<0.001) and decreased GSH and total protein compared to controls. Losartan treatment restored GSH and total protein levels close to normal and significantly reduced cardiac injury markers (p<0.001). Conclusion: Losartan demonstrates both protective and therapeutic effects against myocardial infarction, improving biochemical markers and suggesting potential clinical relevance.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: cardiovascular diseases
  topic: keywords
subject: heart infraction
  topic: keywords
subject: losartan
  topic: keywords
subject: Isoproterenol
  topic: keywords
creator: Shrooq Saleem Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Shrooq Saleem Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-15
publication date: 2026-01-15
doi: 10.52113/2/01.01.2025/9-22

Study the effect of low-power helium-neon laser (632.8nm) on the human red and white blood cells
type: item
description: The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the impact of laser radiation on certain blood characteristics of students. Blood samples were collected from healthy individuals who were normal students, under standard laboratory conditions. A total of twenty healthy were obtained. Each sample was divided into three parts, with one part serving as a control (untreated) and the other two parts being exposed to laser radiation with power levels of 0.3mW and 0.9mW. The blood samples were irradiated using a continuous helium-neon laser with a wavelength of 632.8 nm for a duration of 40 minutes. Blood analysis was conducted using a complete blood count (CBC) device, and the results of the exposed samples were compared to the control samples. After 40 minutes, the CBC analysis showed changes in the components and characteristics of the blood. The number of white blood cells significantly increased with higher power levels, and there was also an increase in the number of platelets. Random fluctuations in the sedimentation rate of hemoglobin and red blood cells were observed. However, statistical analysis of the average counts of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets for all groups indicated that the observed increases were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). This emphasizes the importance of low-power lasers in various biomedical applications for treating different illnesses. The study concluded that laser radiation altered the biological components of the irradiated samples.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Laser
  topic: keywords
subject: Hb
  topic: keywords
subject: RBC
  topic: keywords
subject: He-Ne laser
  topic: keywords
subject: Blood
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmed. K.Sameer
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Ahmed. K.Sameer https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-15
publication date: 2026-01-15
doi: 10.52113/2/01.01.2025/1-8

Inter-Class Analysis of Frequency-Band Similarity in Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Image Datasets
type: item
description: Gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopic examinations can detect various GI issues early. Challenges like high intra-class variability, moderate differences between classes, and biased data complicate automated classification. The study analyzes frequency-dependent image features in classification results, focusing on similarities within and between classes to better understand the dataset and identify the most difficult classes to classify. It uses a similar approach for similarity analysis with Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), breaking images into low-frequency (LL) and high-frequency (HH) sub-bands based on frequency ranges. Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) and Mean Squared Error (MSE) inter- and intra- class similarities. Functional validation involved a classification test using the Random Forest (RF) model. Experiments on multiple GI endoscopic datasets illustrate that LL sub-bands, capturing coarse structural features, provide higher discriminative power and improve classification accuracy, while HH sub-bands, preserving fine textures, are less effective due to higher inter-class similarity. Analysis of similarity measures highlights classes with high intra-class variability, particularly minority classes, as the most challenging for classification. The frequency-aware similarity approach enhances interpretability, reveals dataset-specific issues, and automates the evaluation of gastrointestinal images.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Image, intra-class similarities, SSIM, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT)
  topic: keywords
creator: salwa Baawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 salwa Baawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/166-187

Enhancing Virtual Network Performance Using Software-Defined Networking (SDN)
type: item
description: In recent years, the increasing demand for high-performance, scalable, and adaptable network infrastructures has led to the widespread adoption of virtual networks across data centers, cloud computing environments, and enterprise systems. However, because of their strict and hardwaredependent control mechanisms, traditional network topologies sometime find it difficult to match the performance and adaptability needs of this dynamic environments. In order to improve the performance of virtual networks, this study investigates the use of software-defined networking (SDN),a revolutionary technique that allows for centralized and programmable network management by separating the control and data planes. SDN-enabled network management and conventional network operation without SDN are the two scenarios in which performance metrics are methodically gathered and examined. The findings unequivocally show that SDN significantly enhances bandwidth usage, traffic flow optimization, and dynamic routing modifications particularly in high-load of failure scenarios. Additionally, SDN’s programmable nature enables real-time network adaption which lowers downtime and improves quality of service (QoS). By providing empirical support for the incorporation of SDN into virtual network topologies, the study add to corpus of knowledge. Additionally it offers a platform for implementing SDN based fixes to existing systems’ performance snags. The findings indicate that SDN not only boosts the efficiency of virtual networks but also lays a foundation for incorporating intelligent network automation, paving the way for future innovations such as AI-driven network orchestration.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: sadiq Sahep
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 sadiq Sahep https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/188-196

Mechanism of The Electromagnetic Shielding System in Defense
type: item
description: The​‍​‌‍​‍‌​‍​‌‍​‍‌ sophistication and diversity of missile threats have led to the search for non-kinetic defense technologies that can be used as a supplement to conventional interceptor-based systems. One such technology that has become a candidate solution is the use of electromagnetic shielding systems that manipulate electromagnetic fields to disrupt or neutralize missiles. These systems, in particular, have been conceived as a viable option for quick-response and multi-threat defense scenarios. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential, challenges, and restrictions of electromagnetic shielding systems in missile defense, mainly concerning their technical performance, feasibility of large-scale deployment, and economic viability when integrated into local defense architectures. The study employed a multidisciplinary approach that combines theoretical electromagnetic modeling with an exhaustive critical analysis of cutting-edge technology such as plasma-based shielding, protection against an electromagnetic pulse (EMP), and high-energy electromagnetic disruption mechanisms. Technical issues regarding the power supply, field stability, and area coverage were accompanied by a preliminary cost analysis of installation and operations. The study reveals that an electromagnetic shielding system would be able to provide the rapid response needed, be easily adaptable to the different kinds of threats, and have a very low impact on the environment. The main effects induced by weapons in plasmas and by high-intensity EMPs to cause the destruction of the missile guidance and electronic subsystems have been demonstrated. However, many weaknesses are pointed out, such as the fact that the high energy demand is among the main problems, the difficulty in stabilizing the electromagnetic fields, the limited range of the effect, and the reduced efficiency against some types of missiles. Besides, the cost of the first deployment is estimated to be from half a bill…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Electromagnetic shielding systems, Defense system, Electromagnetic pulse, Electromagnetic fields.
  topic: keywords
creator: rohit gupta
creator: Rahul Gupta
creator: Dr Dinesh Verma
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 rohit gupta, Rahul Gupta, Dr Dinesh Verma https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-17
publication date: 2026-01-17
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/246-274

Influence of SiO2/Al2O3 Stoichiometry on Mullite Formation: Synthesis and Characterization via Solid State Reaction
type: item
description: This study investigates the effect of varying SiO2/Al2O3 weight ratios on mullite formation synthesized through a solid-state reaction route. Four samples were prepared using different alumina–silica weight ratios: S1 (2.8 g SiO2, 7.2 g Al2O3), S2 (4.7 g SiO2, 5.3 g Al2O3), S3 (6.4 g SiO2, 3.6 g Al2O3), and S4 (3.7 g SiO2, 6.3 g Al2O3), with each batch weighing 10 g. The mixed powders were calcined at 900 °C to remove moisture and impurities, followed by sintering at 1350 °C to promote mullite crystallization. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of the orthorhombic 3:2 mullite phase, and crystallite sizes were calculated using the Scherrer equation. SEM images showed that increasing SiO2 content enhanced the development of elongated acicular grains due to a transient silica-rich liquid phase and increased Al–Si interdiffusion. Among the prepared compositions, S4 exhibited the highest mullite purity and most developed grain structure. This study demonstrates a simple and cost-effective approach for optimizing mullite synthesis for industrial applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Mullite, Solid state reaction, sintering temperature, Alumina : Silica system, structural properties
  topic: keywords
creator: sukaina sahib
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Sukaina Sahib Mohammed https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/227-245

Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm for Single Machines Scheduling with release date
type: item
description: The present paper addresses the problem of scheduling jobs on single machines to minimize the total weight of completion times and late work, considering release dates. This problem, denoted by , is NP-hard and, as far as we know, unstudied. In view of the NP-hardness of the problem, an Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm approach is proposed to solve it. The Computational results indicate that the proposed algorithm is capable of finding near optimal solutions (approximate solutions) to the problems up to 4000 jobs. These results establish the AFSA as a revolutionary instrument for addressing intricate scheduling challenges in both theoretical and practical contexts. Arithmetic results are calculated computational results were obtained using MATLAB 2023a.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Scheduling; Single machines; the total weight of completion times; the late work with release date; Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Tahani Jabbar Khraibet
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Tahani Jabbar Khraibet https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/158-165

Study of Physiological and Biochemical Changes in Rabbit Blood: Resulting from Exposure to Wavelengths (565,810,1064) nm Used in Home Cosmetic Lasers
type: item
description: Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the physiological and biochemical effects of the home laser technology (Intense Pulsed Light - IPL), designed for hair removal in various body areas, using three wavelengths (565, 810, 1064) nm on the skin and surrounding areas. Twenty-four female domestic rabbits were used, randomly divided into four groups: Group 1 (control), Group 2 (exposed to the 565 nm wavelength), Group 3 (exposed to the 810 nm wavelength), and Group 4 (exposed to the 1064 nm wavelength). The measurements used in this study were for two time periods: 3 and 6 weeks. The study focused on assessing changes in vital and hematological indicators resulting from repeated exposure to radiation. Blood analysis results revealed changes in some blood components and characteristics. The results revealed significant physiological effects associated with the length of exposure and wavelength. Analyses also revealed statistically significant differences (P≤0.05) in the studied parameters. These changes included a decrease in the number of white and red blood cells, along with changes in other hematological indicators such as HGB, LYM%, and changes in biochemical indicators such as GOT (AST), LDH, ALP, and CRP. These results indicate that home laser radiation has potential physiological effects on blood components and vital functions. These effects depend primarily on the wavelength used and the duration of exposure, highlighting the need for further studies to further understand the mechanisms of these biological effects.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Zainab Khaleel
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Zainab Khaleel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-30
publication date: 2025-12-30
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/207-226

Summation-Integral-Phillips for a Sequence of -Bernstein Type Operators
type: item
description: This paper introduces a new hybrid operator based on combining the Phillips concept with a sequence of lambda-Bernstein operators. This operator represents a qualitative improvement over classical Bernstein-Durrmeyer operators, which faced significant limitations in controlling the behavior of functions at critical points such as the zero point and suffered from a significantly slow rate of convergence. The developed operator overcomes these challenges, achieving a substantial improvement in the quality and accuracy of convergence. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this operator, the study proves a set of basic theoretical results. First, the paper proves the regular convergence theorem for the operator. This is followed by establishing the error estimation theorem using a continuum measure, which in turn confirms the achievement of first-order convergence. Finally, the study presents a precise Voronovskaya-type asymptotic formula that reveals the detailed behavior of the operator's approximation rate when studying functions regularly.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: ‎: λ-Bernstein operators, Bernstein-Durrmeyer Operators, convergence, M-th order ‎moment, The Voronovskaja formula.‎
  topic: keywords
creator: abotalb Yoseif
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 abotalb Yoseif https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/146-157

Study The Dielectric Properties and Response of Nanofiber Composite polymer of PVA/Chitosan for different frequencies
type: item
description: Abstract: This study investigates the dielectric frequency response and structural e ution of nanofiber composed polymer of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with with different concentrations of added chitosan (0, 10, 20, and 30) wt%. The dielectric properties are studies at the range frequency (10-1000) KHz. The measurement of insulation properties is represented by the real and imaginary parts of permittivity (ε′ and ε″), Capacitance (Cs), Impedance (Z), Dielectric loss tangent (tan δ), and alternating current conductivity ( σ_ac). To characterize and calculate the diameters of the fabricated nanofibers, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used. In this study we found, The average diameters of pure PVA nanofiber was approximately (181) nm. Nanofibers with a 20% concentration exhibited a smaller diameter of approximately (75.7 nm). At a 30% concentration, the material demonstrated the most stable and enhanced electrical performance, including a high and consistent capacitance (~33 pF), a remarkably low dielectric loss (tan δ = 0.0013), and minimal impedance (<50 kΩ). Additionally, AC conductivity decreased as chitosan content increased from 1×10⁻¹¹ S/m in pure PVA to 4.5×10⁻¹² S/m at 30% concentration indicating reduced charge mobility due to structural entanglement. These findings highlight the crucial role of chitosan in improving the electrical characteristics of PVA-based composites, making them promising candidates for advanced dielectric applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Marwa Hussein
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Marwa Hussein https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-11
publication date: 2026-01-11
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/197-206

Spectroscopic and Chemical Insights into Baltic Amber: Structure, Bioactivity, and Clinical Prospects. A Review
type: item
description: Baltic amber (succinate) has attracted attention not only as an ornamental material but also for its biological and medical potential. This review summarizes the structural and chemical features of Baltic amber based on spectroscopic analyses (FTIR, Raman, and GC–MS), with emphasis on its bioactive compounds such as succinic acid and diterpenoids. Reported biological activities include anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects. The objective of this review is to provide an updated overview of spectroscopic and chemical findings, to connect these findings with biological activities, and to highlight possible clinical prospects. The paper also discusses limitations and gaps between laboratory results and clinical applications.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Baltic amber spectroscopy FTIR Raman GC-MS bioactivity clinical prospects
  topic: keywords
creator: ‪ali tuama‬‏
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 ‪ali tuama‬‏ https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/135-145

A comparative study of calcitonin and some minerals levels in type 2 diabetic patients
type: item
description: Background: Calcitonin (CT) is a polypeptide hormone with 32 amino acids that is mostly secreted by the parafollicular "C" cells of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin inhibits bone resorption, which lowers blood calcium levels. Patients with type 2 diabetes are more susceptible to osteoporosis and decreased bone density because of poor calcitonin function or sensitivity, which may lead to abnormal calcium balance and bone metabolism. Objectives: Determining the levels of calcitonin, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium in individuals with type 2 diabetes and comparing them to a healthy control group was the aim of this study. Materials and methods: Eighty samples were collected involving forty samples from male patients with type 2 diabetes and forty samples from healthy men as the control group. He levels of calcitonin, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were measured. Result: The study's conclusions showed that while phosphorus and calcitonin levels were significantly lower in the diabetic group, calcium and magnesium levels were significantly greater in type 2 diabetes patients than in healthy people. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that diabetic patients exhibited decreased levels of calcitonin and phosphorus, along with increased levels of calcium and magnesium. These alterations may contribute to endocrine dysregulation associated with type 2 diabetes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Type 2 diabetes mellitus, Calcitonin, minerals.
  topic: keywords
creator: alaa mohammed
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Alaa Mohammed Musa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/127-134

Influence of sliver nanoparticles from thrush Candida albicans supernatant against Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis
type: item
description: This study presents an eco-friendly method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the supernatant of Candida albicans as a reducing agent. AgNPs were formed via redox reactions and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). XRD analysis confirmed a face-centered cubic structure. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was evaluated against three Gram-negative bacteria—Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis—using the agar well diffusion method. Their efficacy was compared to four antibiotics: Imipenem (IPM), Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AMC), Meropenem (MRP), and Piperacillin/tazobactam (PIT). While antibiotics were effective against K. pneumoniae and P. mirabilis, E. coli showed resistance to PIT and AMC. In contrast, AgNPs exhibited concentration-dependent inhibition, with maximum zones of 16.00 ± 0.58 mm (K. pneumoniae), 27.00 ± 0.57 mm (P. mirabilis), and 22.33 ± 0.33 mm (E. coli). These findings suggest AgNPs as promising antibacterial agents.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: antimicrobial, Candida. Albicans, green synthesis, nanoparticles, silver
  topic: keywords
creator: Nour Saud
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nour Saud https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/112-126

A Comparative study of Vaginal Microbiome Composition in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women
type: item
description: Vaginal microbiome has as an essential part in maintaining female reproductive health, through the prevalence of Lactobacillus species, which preserving the vaginal milieu homeostasis. After menopause the hormonal alternations could contribute in reducing microbiota and making the vaginal dysbiosis take place, that’s may increase the risk of urogenital complications. Objective of this study is investigation about the shifts in female’s vaginal microbiome through menopausal transition and their role in the emergence of urogenital symptoms that are related with Genitourinary Syndrome (GSM). The duration of the study was from September to December 2024. Included 100 participiants, 75 women above 45 years old with no longer menstruation and at different time intervals, 25 women with regular menstrual cycle under forties. Clinical checkup before obtain the sample, chromoagar, and biochemical test were utilized to identify the microbial isolates. A significant difference in vaginal bacterial growth, are showed 12.0% of bacterial growth was diverse in pre-menopausal participants compared with 92.0% in post-menopausal participants. Microbial profiles of the vaginal microbiota characterized by low Lactobacillus acidophilus in post-menopausal 24.0% participants in compared with pre-menopausal 52.0% participants. The most pathogenic bacteria that were isolated is Enterococcus faecalis 60.0% in post-menopausal participants respectively in compared with pre-menopausal 12.0% participants. In post-menopausal group, there was a significant association between urogenital symptoms and bacterial growth (P> 0.05), in contrast to pre-menopausal group which show non-significant correlation (p< 0.05). The diverse bacterial growth that’s more predominant in post-menopause participants compared to pre-menopause women, indicating that a hormonal fluctuations at menopause stage which resulting from ovarian dysfunction, may contribute in reducing the existence of Lactobacillus species. Thu, va…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: vaginal microbiome, menopause, GSM, Lactobacillus, E. faecalis
  topic: keywords
creator: Hawraa Naaser
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Hawraa Naaser https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/101-111

The Role of Laser Field Effect on Thermo-Spin Transport Properties through Serially Coupled Quantum Dots System
type: item
description: The effect of laser field in thermospin properties through one of the most elaborate hybrid serially configuration coupled quantum dots system is investigated. The non-equilibrium Green function and the two impurity Anderson model are utilized in this study to model the DQD that coupled strongly with the normal metallic electrodes to enable the spin transport process in the case of linear response regime. Based on the probability function variation with energy and by using Taylor expansion, an analytical formulation was derived to evaluate the occupation numbers on each quantum dot, the occupation numbers are used to evaluate the spin currents and the differential conductance. The calculations declare the coupling interaction ( V12 ) increases and the total spin current become enhanced and the spin differential conductance show tow splitting peaks separated by conductance gab which reflects the Pauli-spin blockade, the energy spacing between slitting peaks is equal to the value of the coupling interaction (V12 ). As the value of ( V12 ) increases the spin conductance gab decreases. When the laser field interact with quantum dots, the spin differential conductance enhances and induces the photon-assisted (FAT) peaks in differential conductance spectrum. An interesting results is the observation of photon-assisted (FAT) peak that can be emerged in the Paulispin blockade effects around ( u  0 ) region especially when V12 =hw= 0.04eV .
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Double Quantum dot
  topic: keywords
subject: Spintronic
  topic: keywords
subject: thermospin
  topic: keywords
creator: RASHA A. Hussein
creator: Zainab A. Abd AL-Ridha
creator: Salah A. H. Al Murshidee Al Murshidee
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 RASHA A. Hussein, Zainab A. Abd AL-Ridha, Salah A. H. Al Murshidee https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/90-100

Relativistic DFT calculations for neutral and singly charged Au2
type: item
description: The study explores the use of relativistic Density Functional Theory (DFT) using the Gaussian09 package to analyze the geometry optimization of gold diatoms in various ionic states. The optimization is performed at multiple theoretical levels, including B3LYP, cam-B3LYP, PBEPBE, HSE1PBE, and HSE2PBE, utilizing SDD and LaNL2MB basis sets. An investigation has been conducted on all structures to analyze their ionization potential, electron affinity, electrostatic potential contours, infrared spectra, molecular orbitals, energy gap, and electronic excitation. The ionization potential and electron affinity of all structures exhibit strong agreement with the experimental results. The molecular orbitals of bonding and anti-bonding nature undergo significant changes based on the ionic state. The electron charge density in a gold diatom determines the electrostatic potential contours, vibration frequency, and electronic excitation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Aqeel Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Aqeel Ali https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/14-20

The Emerging Role of Topological Materials in Condensed Matter Physics: A Review
type: item
description: Abstract: Topological materials have emerged as a transformative paradigm in condensed matter physics, offering novel insights into quantum phases of matter beyond traditional symmetry-breaking frameworks. This review presents a comprehensive theoretical overview of the fundamental principles underlying topological phases, including topological insulators, semimetals, and superconductors. Emphasis is placed on the mathematical formalisms such as topological invariants, Berry phase theory, and effective quantum field approaches that are pivotal in characterizing the robustness of these materials against external perturbations. We explore the classification schemes, particularly the Altland-Zirnbauer symmetry classes and periodic table of topological phases, to elucidate how symmetry and topology interplay to produce exotic quantum states. Additionally, the review discusses recent advancements in theoretical models—such as the Haldane and Kane-Mele models—as well as prospective applications in quantum computing, spintronics, and energy-efficient electronics. Key challenges in material synthesis, environmental stability, and integrating electron-electron interactions are also addressed. By consolidating current knowledge, this work aims to provide a solid theoretical foundation for future research and the technological utilization of topological materials.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Topological Materials
  topic: keywords
subject: Condensed Matter Physics
  topic: keywords
subject: Phase, Quantum Field Theory
  topic: keywords
creator: ethar alsuraifi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 ethar alsuraifi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/69-89

Immunodiagnostic Role of INF-γ in Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: Correlation with Auto antibody and Inflammatory Markers
type: item
description: Abstract: Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is an autoimmune disorder in which progressive thyroid failure is induced by Th1-type immunity, and in particular, interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). Immunological diagnosis of HT was made in the present study by comparing 50 patients with HT and 50 sex- and age-matched controls for serum IFN-γ, IL-18, anti-TPO, anti-Tg, hs-CRP, and TSH levels. Biomarkers were quantified using ELISA and Cobas e411 and statistically evaluated for group comparison, correlation, regression, and ROC curve. All biomarkers were significantly higher in HT patients (p < 0.001). IFN-γ was strongly correlated with IL-18, anti-TPO, and anti-Tg (r > 0.7) and had high diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 0.92; cutoff = 59.96 pg/mL). These observations implicate IFN-γ as a key mediator of HT pathogenesis and suggest its utility in diagnosis and in the design of future immunomodulatory treatment strategies.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: Hashimoto's thyroiditis, interferon-gamma, interleukin-18, hs-CRP, cytokine profiling. acknowledgments
  topic: keywords
creator: Noor alhada Alkhazrajy
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Noor alhada Alkhazrajy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/56-68

Utilizing laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to investigate iron concentrations in the blood of individuals with iron deficiency anemia compared to healthy controls
type: item
description: This study used Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) to detect iron deficiency in blood samples by comparing anemic to healthy samples. LIBS analyzed one healthy (H1) and two anemic (E1 and E2) blood samples. Iron spectral lines (Fe I, Fe II, and Fe III) were detected between 393 and 646 nanometers. The wavelengths were checked against NIST database criteria to ensure accuracy. Relative technique was utilized to calculate iron content in each spectral line. Divide the depth of each line by the intensity of the road with the highest spectrum depth. After that, the relative numbers' arithmetic suggestion was used to calculate each sample's average iron content. It became clear that the iron spectral strains were less strong inside the anemic samples (E1 and E2) than in the healthy samples (H1). The average iron degree in the healthy pattern (H1) became somewhat larger (zero.563) than in the anemic samples (0.456 for E1 and zero.486 for E2). Besides, iron content dropped more in the main anemic sample (E1) than in the second anemic sample (E2). This might be the result of the anemia within the samples being not as severe. This study shows that LIBS is able to detect iron shortages in blood samples accurately. This is so because the anemic samples contained substantially less iron and lower spectral strains than the healthy samples. These results indicate that LIBS might be a quick and painless way to locate human individuals with iron-deficiency anemia. Miles advised that further study be done with bigger sample sizes to make the impacts especially accurate and helpful.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Zainab Baqi
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Zainab Baqi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/44-55

Synthesizes Azo derivatives linked 1,2,3-triazols ring and studying their biological activity
type: item
description: In this research we studied the synthesis of Azo derivatives which linked 1,2,3-triazols ring and studying the biological activity of this derivatives. We use a primary amine which is N,N-diaminodiphenylmethan as an initiator for the reaction this amine reacted with NaNO2 \HCl than with 1-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carbaldehyde in presence NaOH to produce compound (1) , after that the (1) compound reacted with p-aminoacetophenone using ethanol as solvent and NaOH as catalyst to give chalcone (2), which is reacted with urea, phenyl hydrazine, hydrazine hydrate to produce thiazine derivative (3), pyrazole derivative (4) and pyrimidine derivative (5) respectfully. Compounds characterization was achieved by FT-IR,13C-NMR and 1H-NMR then we studied their biological activity which was founded that all prepared Compounds have good activity
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Afraah dawod
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Afraah dawod https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
doi: 10.52113/2/12.01.2025/104-116

Compression Text by Coding and Hiding in Color Image
type: item
description: Recently, serious and enormous security challenges have led to the creation of new and secure ways to transfer data and reduce the opportunity for hackers to use their methods to analyze confidential information between the two parties. Therefore, data security and protection is one of the most used technologies in the field of computer science, because of its great importance in all fields, whether political, economic, or military. The main goal of this paper is to develop and design a systematic, effective and secure method for transferring data, in addition to reducing the time and cost when sending data over the Internet. Therefore, an intelligent (hybrid) system was proposed in this paper that combines firstly compression of data by using coding method to reduce the amount of data sent and helps in fast transfer while using slow Internet or taking up small disk space. Secondly encryption compressed data based on XOR encryption technology with random key generated from text and finally hiding bits sets in cover RGB image using the LSB method to implant parts of the compressed text into the cover image. Good results were obtained for PSNR image measurements, and thus the proposed technique provided high-level concealment and security capabilities.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Compression Text, Coding, Hiding, Color Image
  topic: keywords
creator: rafeef ketran
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 rafeef ketran https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
doi: 10.52113/2/12.01.2025/63-76

Study the physical coefficients for some of Melasma cases treated by laser
type: item
description: Melasma is a common skin condition that results from an imbalance in melanin production. This imbalance causes the appearance of dark, symmetrical patches on areas of the skin that are often exposed to sunlight, especially the face. These patches are usually brown to gray-black in color and have irregular borders. Among the different treatment options available, laser therapy has shown promising results. In this study, the Spectra VRM III laser, which operates at a wavelength of 1064 nm, was used to treat melasma. The laser helps reduce pigmentation by breaking down the excess melanin that accumulates in the skin. The success of laser treatment depends on several physical factors, including the melanin absorption coefficient, the refractive index, and the scattering coefficient. The findings indicate that as melasma becomes deeper in the skin layers, the absorption of the laser energy decreases, which lowers the laser’s ability to inhibit melanin production. This leads to the need for more treatment sessions and suggests that deeper melasma cases may require a longer and more complex approach. Understanding how these physical properties interact with laser treatment can help improve outcomes and tailor treatment plans to individual cases.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: melasma, laser, scattering coefficient, absorption coefficient, melasma depth
  topic: keywords
creator: نضال الشامي
creator: ميثاق السلطاني
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 نضال الشامي, أ.د.ميثاق مطر مهدي السلطاني https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/35-43

Optimized DDoS Detection in Smart Homes Using EPSO and Recurrent Transformer Networks
type: item
description: The use of data encryption in smart cities is increasing by the day, and this creates a lot of problems because it is difficult to notice some kinds of cyberattacks, e.g., encrypted DDoS attacks. To address this issue, the study presents a novel framework that utilizes artificial intelligence for detection and prevention. This is made possible by using the Enhanced Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) algorithm to give priority to important data and tune up the parameters of the Recurrent Transformer Network (RTN). The combination helps not only in effectively identifying attacks but also in improving differentiation capabilities between regular benign and malignant encrypted traffic. It has also been proven through performance evaluation that this approach offers a superior ability to detect threats while maintaining high system efficiency (lower false positives, better classification). By engaging in so, this development provides an effective way of strengthening security within smart home networks, countering DDoS attacks.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: DDoS Attacks
  topic: keywords
subject: IoT Networks
  topic: keywords
subject: Attack Detection
  topic: keywords
subject: Encrypted Data
  topic: keywords
subject: Smart Home Networks
  topic: keywords
subject: Traffic Analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: sanaa Ali juber
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 sanaa Ali juber https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
doi: 10.52113/2/12.01.2025/117-131

Therapeutic effects of bioactive compounds of dates fruit(phoenix dactylifera) produced by fermentation process: A review
type: item
description: In the published scientific literature, this study attempts to describe scientific investigations on date palm fruit and human health. Dates are a significant source of numerous nutrients carbohydrate content and abundance of vital vitamins and minerals. It is also abundant in phenolic acids, carotenoids, tannins, and flavonoids, all of which have medicinal benefits for a variety of illnesses. By using fermentation to release these chemicals and then examine their medicinal and therapeutic qualities, the outcomes demonstrated that the most crucial of these treatments are antimicrobials, antioxidants, gastrointestinal protective, antidiabetic, and anticancer. The fermentation process can be used to benefit from the by-products of dates in the creation of new products. The enormous pharmacological effects of Phoenix dactylifera may be attributed to its powerful and beneficial constituents, which include flavonoids, phenolics, amino acids, fatty acids, and minerals. The goal of this review was to describe Phoenix dactylifera 's pharmacological preventative and therapeutic potentials.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: date palm, bioactive compounds, fermentation
  topic: keywords
creator: دعاء خالد خليف
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 دعاء خالد خليف https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-01-06
publication date: 2026-01-06
doi: 10.52113/2/12.02.2025/21-34

Predictive AI for Identifying Undiscovered Cyber Threats: A Proactive Security Model for Big Data
type: item
description: As technology advances, cybercriminals adopt more sophisticated strategies to attack weaknesses in individual computers, organisational networks, and nation-states. Organisations systematically gather substantial quantities of security-relevant data, including log events from individuals, networks, and software applications, for further forensic analysis. Conventional security analysis methods are inadequate for handling huge data volumes and may generate excessive false alarms, particularly when organisations transition to cloud architectures and accumulate more data. Furthermore, the identification of current and more complex assaults, such as persistent and advanced threats (APTs), requires ongoing monitoring and analysis of extensive security-related data, with precision and speed. Big Data analytics is actively used in several domains, including financial transactions, healthcare, and industrial applications, among others. It has recently garnered the interest of the information security community because to its purported capability to correlate security-related data and derive insights effectively at an unprecedented scale. In this study, we examine the limitations of conventional technology/systems and SIEM tools in handling massive amounts of data and complex, advanced threats. We further examine the prerequisites for the effective use of Big Data analytics in the domains of cyber threat intelligence and cybersecurity to address extensive data volumes and complex threats. Ultimately, we emphasise the issues arising from this adoption and provide solutions to address these challenges in future study.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: MOHAMMED ALMAAWI
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 MOHAMMED ALMAAWI https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
doi: 10.52113/2/12.01.2025/156-175

Developing Convolutional Neural Networks for Recognition of American Sign Language
type: item
description: Instead of using speech to communicate with one another, the deaf and dumb utilize a set of signs known as sign language. However, utilizing signs to interact with this society is extremely difficult for non-sign language speakers. To facilitate communication between the deaf and the general public, an application that can identify sign language motions or actions must be developed. Considering its significance, there are already techniques for recognizing American Sign Language (ASL), one of the most widely used sign languages in the world, with varying degrees of accuracy. The study aims to improve the accuracy of current ASL identification techniques by putting forward a deep-learning model. A convolutional neural network (CNN) was developed and trained in this study to correctly recognize hand gestures that represent the ASL letters (A-Z). The suggested model performs exceptionally well, attaining nearly perfect accuracy on the dataset, with a test accuracy of 99.97%. The model is a potential tool for practical applications in assistive technology for the hearing impaired since the results show that it can identify and distinguish between distinct ASL hand signs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Hand gesture
  topic: keywords
subject: Sign Recognition
  topic: keywords
subject: ASL letters
  topic: keywords
creator: Salwa Baawi
creator: Farah Jawad Al-Ghanim
creator: Nisreen Ryadh Hamza
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Salwa Baawi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
doi: 10.52113/2/12.01.2025/1-12

Study Effect of Majorana Coefficient on the Energy Levels of 138-144,148Gd Even-Even Isotopes Using IBM-2
type: item
description: The mixed symmetry state property (MSS) for even-even 138-144,148Gd isotopes was studied using the IBM-2. This model discovered and emphasized various empirically questionable states and provided good agreement for the excited energy levels for the g-band and acceptable for the β and γ bands. The effect of the Majorana parameter was studied as a function of changing the mixing symmetry of the levels using three different values ​​(0.005, 0.02, and 0.04) and the value of the Majorana parameter was almost constant. By increasing the Majorana parameter to the values ​​(0.02 and 0.04), the mixing levels began to appear clearly, especially the levels . Energy level and energy ratios showed that 138Gd, 140Gd are between rotational SU(3) and gamma-unstable O(6) symmetries and 142Gd, 144Gd, and 148Gd are transitional nuclei among gamma-unstable O(6) to vibrational SU(5) symmetries. The results of theoretical and practical energy levels were in good agreement.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Shaimaa Kazem
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Shaimaa Kazem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
doi: 10.52113/2/12.01.2025/94-103

Optical Asymmetric filter Using Graphene Plasmonic embedded in Photonic Crystal Fiber
type: item
description: This work exhibits simulation and design of a small-scale graphene plasmonic filter based photonic crystal fiber through finite element method investigation. Some cladding holes inside the PCF possess deposited 2-D graphene enabling the light transmission interaction which leads to surface plasmonic resonance (SPR). Improved optical filter performance results from this process because it enables better control and higher sensitivity and reduced signal loss so filters become optimal for use. A finite element method analyzes both polarization properties and spectral loss performance in the proposed structural design. The simulation evaluation was divided into two testing periods while changing the dimensions of PCF geometry. The investigation of first design components incorporated r = 6 and r = 5 while the second design components incorporated r = 6 and r = 7. The introduction of graphene materials into PCF rings comprises the two design models progressively from one to four rings. The design suffered maximum loss when four graphene rings were inserted in both designs. The absorption increase results in the creation of plasmonic polaritons. In the first design, when r = 6 and r = 5, the quasi-TE guided mode exhibits losses of -131035.335 dB/m for wavelengths λ = 1.22 μm. The quasi-TM guided mode exhibits losses of 125710.274 dB/m for wavelengths λ = 1.22 μm . In the second design, r = 6 and r = 7, the losses of the quasi-TE guided mode are -164224.225 for wavelengths λ = 1.2 μm. The quasi-TM guided mode exhibits losses of -171464.161 dB/m at wavelengths λ = 1.2 μm.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: photonic crystal fiber, Graphene, surface plasmon polarization, polarization filters
  topic: keywords
creator: Muwafaq Fadhil Jaddoa
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 Muwafaq Fadhil Jaddoa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
doi: 10.52113/

On Some Mappings in Intuitionistic Topological Spaces
type: item
description: This work presents new types of some generalized weak mappings of contra like intuitionistic . Additionally, we are researching some connections between these ideas and relationships among generalized weak conra mappings are studied.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Weak mapping
  topic: keywords
subject: contra function
  topic: keywords
subject: strong function
  topic: keywords
subject: Intuitionistic topology
  topic: keywords
creator: rasha abbas
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 rasha abbas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
doi: 10.52113/2/12.01.2025/22-29